Review of Self-Powered Wireless Sensors by Triboelectric Breakdown Discharge.

This review systematically examines recent advances in self-powered wireless sensing technologies based on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), focusing on innovative methods that leverage breakdown discharge effects to achieve high-precision and long-distance signal transmission. These methods offer novel technical pathways and theoretical frameworks for next-generation wireless sensing systems. To address the core limitations of conventional wireless sensors, such as a restricted transmission range, high power consumption, and suboptimal integration, this analysis elucidates the mechanism of the generation of high-frequency electromagnetic waves through localized electric field ionization induced by breakdown discharge. Key research directions are synthesized to enhance TENG-based sensing capabilities, including novel device architectures, the optimization of RLC circuit models, the integration of machine learning algorithms, and power management strategies. While current breakdown discharge sensors face challenges such as energy dissipation, multimodal coupling complexity, and signal interpretation barriers, future breakthroughs in material engineering and structural design are anticipated to drive advancements in efficiency, miniaturization, and intelligent functionality in this field.