Hurjui Ion Andrei, Hurjui Ruxandra Maria, Hurjui Loredana Liliana, Serban Ionela Lacramioara, Dobrin Irina, Apostu Mihai, Dobrin Romeo Petru
Department of Medicine III, Discipline of Psychiatry, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences I, Discipline of Histology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
Medicina (Kaunas). 2025 Jul 3;61(7):1211. doi: 10.3390/medicina61071211.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder with chronic inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity and is linked with significant functional impairment. Despite being highly prevalent, diagnosis of ADHD continues to rely on subjective assessment reports of behavior and is often delayed or inaccurate. This review summarizes current advances in biomarkers and neuropsychological tests for the improvement of ADHD diagnosis and treatment. Key biomarkers are neuroimaging methods (e.g., structural and functional MRI), electrophysiological measures (e.g., EEG, ERP), and biochemical measures (e.g., cortisol, vitamin D). Additionally, novel experimental measures, e.g., eye-tracking, pupillometry, and microbiome analysis, hold the promise to be objective and dynamic measures of ADHD symptoms. The review also comments on the impact of the burden of ADHD on quality of life, e.g., emotional well-being, academic achievement, and social functioning. Additionally, differences between individuals, such as age, sex, comorbidities, and the impact of social and family support, are also addressed in relation to ADHD outcomes. In summary, we highlight the potential of these emerging biomarkers and tools to revolutionize ADHD diagnosis and guide personalized treatment strategies. These insights have significant implications for improving patient outcomes.
注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）是一种常见的神经发育障碍，具有慢性注意力不集中、多动和冲动的症状，并与显著的功能损害有关。尽管ADHD非常普遍，但对其诊断仍然依赖于行为的主观评估报告，而且往往延迟或不准确。本综述总结了生物标志物和神经心理学测试在改善ADHD诊断和治疗方面的当前进展。关键生物标志物包括神经影像学方法（如结构和功能磁共振成像）、电生理测量（如脑电图、事件相关电位）和生化测量（如皮质醇、维生素D）。此外，新的实验性测量方法，如眼动追踪、瞳孔测量和微生物组分析，有望成为ADHD症状的客观和动态测量方法。该综述还评论了ADHD负担对生活质量的影响，如情绪健康、学业成绩和社会功能。此外，还讨论了个体之间的差异，如年龄、性别、共病情况以及社会和家庭支持的影响与ADHD结果的关系。总之，我们强调这些新兴生物标志物和工具在彻底改变ADHD诊断和指导个性化治疗策略方面的潜力。这些见解对改善患者预后具有重要意义。
