Gorini Francesca, Tonacci Alessandro
Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
Nutrients. 2025 Jul 17;17(14):2350. doi: 10.3390/nu17142350.
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) represents a public health problem globally, with the highest prevalence reported among older adults. While an interplay of various determinants including genetic, epigenetic, environmental factors and unhealthy lifestyle, particularly diet, has been established to contribute to T2D development, emerging evidence supports the role of interactions between nutrients or dietary patterns and genes in the pathogenesis of this metabolic disorder. The amount, and especially the type of carbohydrates, in particular, have been correlated with the risk of non-communicable chronic disease and mortality. This narrative review aims to discuss the updated data on the complex and not fully elucidated relationship between carbohydrate-gene interactions and incidence of T2D, identifying the most susceptible genes able to modulate the dual association between carbohydrate intake and risk of developing T2D. The identification of genetic polymorphisms in response to this macronutrient represents a potentially powerful target to estimate individual risk and prevent the development of T2D in the context of personalized medicine. The postulation around novel foods potentially tailored to minimize the risks of developing T2D will pave the way for a new era into food research in relation to the safeguarding of well-being status in patients affected by, or at risk for, T2D.
2型糖尿病（T2D）是一个全球性的公共卫生问题，在老年人中报告的患病率最高。虽然已经确定包括遗传、表观遗传、环境因素和不健康生活方式（特别是饮食）在内的各种决定因素之间的相互作用会导致T2D的发生，但新出现的证据支持营养素或饮食模式与基因之间的相互作用在这种代谢紊乱发病机制中的作用。尤其是碳水化合物的量，特别是其类型，已与非传染性慢性病风险和死亡率相关。本叙述性综述旨在讨论碳水化合物-基因相互作用与T2D发病率之间复杂且尚未完全阐明的关系的最新数据，确定能够调节碳水化合物摄入量与患T2D风险之间双重关联的最易感基因。识别对这种宏量营养素产生反应的基因多态性是在个性化医疗背景下估计个体风险和预防T2D发生的一个潜在有力靶点。围绕可能定制的新型食物以尽量降低患T2D风险的假设，将为与保护受T2D影响或有T2D风险的患者健康状况相关的食品研究新时代铺平道路。
