Brinkmann Bregje W, Dupuis Lan, Houdijk Sam, Wattel Pelle, Salgado Cástor, Brunelli Andrea, Fernández José F, Peijnenburg Willie J G M, Vijver Martina G
Leiden University, Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden 2333CC, The Netherlands.
Encapsulae SL, Castellón de la Plana 12006, Spain.
Environ Sci Technol. 2025 Aug 12;59(31):16293-16303. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5c03624. Epub 2025 Jul 30.
Nanocarriers provide promising prospects for the transition to more sustainable agrochemical practices. However, the unique release dynamics of their loaded chemicals raise concerns about potential adverse effects on nontarget organisms. To address this, we compared the toxicity of bentonite and sepiolite nanocarriers loaded with the anesthetic/antibacterial chemical eugenol to the toxicity of pure eugenol. was exposed to loaded nanocarriers, pure eugenol, and bare nanocarriers. In acute immobilization tests, a 50% effect concentration (EC) of 0.14 ± 0.01 mg eugenol L was derived for pure eugenol. Loading eugenol onto bentonite and sepiolite nanocarriers mitigated this acute toxicity, as indicated by respective EC values of 0.48 ± 0.02 and 0.57 ± 0.07 mg eugenol L. In 12-day toxicity tests, similar concentrations of eugenol were released from both nanocarriers. For the first day of exposure, this temporarily reduced the swimming speed of the daphnids. Moreover, in contrast to sepiolite nanocarriers, bentonite nanocarriers induced marked decreases in population growth. This reveals that nanocarriers exert particle-specific adverse effects on daphnid populations that cannot be predicted based on the toxicity of their individual constituents. We therefore plead to assess nontarget effects of the complete nanocarrier system, including the carrier and its loading, before allowing these products on the market.
纳米载体为向更可持续的农用化学品实践过渡提供了广阔前景。然而，其负载化学品独特的释放动态引发了人们对其对非靶标生物潜在不利影响的担忧。为了解决这一问题，我们比较了负载麻醉/抗菌化学品丁香酚的膨润土和海泡石纳米载体的毒性与纯丁香酚的毒性。将其暴露于负载纳米载体、纯丁香酚和裸纳米载体中。在急性固定试验中，纯丁香酚的50%效应浓度（EC）为0.14±0.01mg丁香酚/升。将丁香酚负载到膨润土和海泡石纳米载体上可减轻这种急性毒性，各自的EC值分别为0.48±0.02和0.57±0.07mg丁香酚/升，表明了这一点。在为期12天的毒性试验中，两种纳米载体释放出的丁香酚浓度相似。在暴露的第一天，这暂时降低了水蚤的游泳速度。此外，与海泡石纳米载体相比，膨润土纳米载体导致种群增长显著下降。这表明纳米载体对水蚤种群产生了特定于颗粒的不利影响，而这种影响无法根据其单个成分的毒性来预测。因此，我们呼吁在这些产品投放市场之前，评估整个纳米载体系统（包括载体及其负载物）的非靶标效应。
