Fadaei Raha, Noori Ahmad, Akbarzadeh Arash, Hoseinifar Seyed Hossein, Paolucci Marina
Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
Aquac Nutr. 2025 Jul 22;2025:4030680. doi: 10.1155/anu/4030680. eCollection 2025.
Herbal bioactive compounds are effective in enhancing the antioxidant and immune status of fish, as they effectively neutralize oxidative stress. The present study examined the effectiveness of Ivy () leaf extract (ILE) on growth performance, immune responses, antioxidant parameters, and the expression of immune-related genes in rainbow trout (). Four test diets were prepared as follows: a control diet at 0 mg of ILE (ILE0) and diets of 100 mg (ILE100), 150 mg (ILE150), and 200 mg (ILE200) of ILE/kg. A total number of 240 rainbow trout, with an initial weight of 6.38 ± 0.30 g, were divided into 12 tanks and fed on the experimental diets for 8 weeks. Results indicated that ILE150 and ILE200 exhibited significantly higher final weight (FW), weight gain, and specific growth rate compared to the control and ILE100 treatments. Additionally, fish fed with ILE showed significantly higher activity of digestive enzymes, including trypsin, pepsin, proteases, lipase, and amylase compared to the control group. The experimental diets also significantly affected hematological indices, including erythrocytes, leukocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and their highest levels were observed in ILE150 and ILE200. Furthermore, a notable reduction was observed in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities in all ILE-supplemented diets. Serum antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), significantly increased in ILE150 and ILE200, but serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels significantly declined in treatments fed with ILE compared to the control group. Alternative complement, total immunoglobulin, total protein, and lysozyme levels were significantly higher in ILE-supplemented-diet treatments. The results also showed a significant upregulation of immune-related genes, such as interleukin 1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and lysozyme, in ILE150 and ILE200 compared to the control and ILE100. In conclusion, administering ILE at doses of 150-200 mg/kg diet could improve the growth performance and immune-antioxidant capacity of rainbow trout.
草药生物活性化合物可有效增强鱼类的抗氧化和免疫状态，因为它们能有效中和氧化应激。本研究检测了常春藤（）叶提取物（ILE）对虹鳟（）生长性能、免疫反应、抗氧化参数以及免疫相关基因表达的影响。制备了四种试验饲料，如下所示：ILE含量为0毫克的对照饲料（ILE0）以及ILE含量为100毫克/千克（ILE100）、150毫克/千克（ILE150）和200毫克/千克（ILE200）的饲料。将总共240尾初始体重为6.38±0.30克的虹鳟分为12个水族箱，投喂试验饲料8周。结果表明，与对照组和ILE100处理组相比，ILE150和ILE200组的终末体重（FW）、体重增加量和特定生长率显著更高。此外，与对照组相比，投喂ILE的鱼的消化酶活性显著更高，包括胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶。试验饲料还显著影响血液学指标，包括红细胞、白细胞、血细胞比容、血红蛋白、平均红细胞体积（MCV）、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度和平均红细胞血红蛋白，在ILE150和ILE200组中观察到这些指标的最高水平。此外，在所有添加ILE的饲料组中，天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）和碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性均显著降低。血清抗氧化酶，包括过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPX）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD），在ILE150和ILE200组中显著增加，但与对照组相比，在投喂ILE的处理组中血清丙二醛（MDA）水平显著下降。替代补体、总免疫球蛋白、总蛋白和溶菌酶水平在添加ILE的饲料处理组中显著更高。结果还表明，与对照组和ILE100相比，ILE150和ILE200组中免疫相关基因，如白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素-6、白细胞介素-8和溶菌酶，显著上调。总之，以150 - 200毫克/千克饲料的剂量投喂ILE可提高虹鳟的生长性能和免疫抗氧化能力。
