Yasa Yasin, Altynbekov Kubeisin, Kalafatoğlu Buse Serenay, Meiramkul Shayakhmetova, Alhusain Mohammad, Altynbekov Chingis
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey.
Department of Orthopedic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Asfendiyarov Kazak National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
Int Dent J. 2025 Jul 30;75(5):100897. doi: 10.1016/j.identj.2025.100897.
Third molars are the most commonly impacted teeth and frequently exhibit congenital absence (agenesis). Their eruption may be affected by jaw location, tooth angulation, and various demographic and genetic factors. There are no data on third molar status in the Kazakh population.
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of third molar impaction and agenesis in the Kazakh population, investigate radiographic patterns (eg, angulation, location, root morphology), and assess associated pathologies such as alveolar bone loss and caries.
STUDY DESIGN, SETTING, SAMPLE: This retrospective study evaluated 2306 panoramic radiographs from a private clinic in Almaty, Kazakhstan, collected between December 2020 and July 2024. Participants were 15 to 30 years of age, with no history of third molar extractions or poor-quality radiographs. A total of 9224 third molar sites were evaluated.
Age, sex and jaw location (maxilla vs mandible) were considered primary factors potentially influencing third molar impaction and agenesis.
Key outcomes included the presence or absence of impacted and/or congenitally missing (agenesis) third molars, as well as radiographic characteristics (Winter's classification, Pell-Gregory levels, root morphology).
Covariates encompassed eruption status (fully impacted, partially impacted, or erupted), tooth-specific location and associated pathologies.
Chi-square tests were used to compare prevalence rates and distribution patterns by sex, age group and tooth location. Significance was set at P < .05.
Impaction was detected in 68.0% of individuals aged 15 to 20. Agenesis occurred in 37.28%. Females had slightly higher rates of multiple impactions. Maxillary molars were predominantly completely impacted, whereas mandibular molars were mostly partially impacted. Alveolar bone loss (52.08%) and caries (36.9%) were the most frequent pathologies. Mesioangular impaction dominated in the mandible; distoangular positions prevailed in the maxilla.
The high prevalence of third molar impaction and agenesis underscores the importance of region-specific clinical guidelines. Early radiographic evaluation may aid in preventing complications and improving outcomes in this population.
第三磨牙是最常发生阻生的牙齿，且常常出现先天性缺失（发育不全）。其萌出可能受颌骨位置、牙齿角度以及各种人口统计学和遗传因素的影响。目前尚无关于哈萨克族人群第三磨牙状况的数据。
本研究旨在确定哈萨克族人群中第三磨牙阻生和发育不全的患病率，研究影像学特征（如角度、位置、牙根形态），并评估相关病变，如牙槽骨吸收和龋齿。
研究设计、设置、样本：这项回顾性研究评估了2020年12月至2024年7月期间从哈萨克斯坦阿拉木图一家私人诊所收集的2306张全景X线片。参与者年龄在15至30岁之间，无第三磨牙拔除史或X线片质量不佳的情况。共评估了9224个第三磨牙部位。
年龄、性别和颌骨位置（上颌与下颌）被视为可能影响第三磨牙阻生和发育不全的主要因素。
主要结果包括是否存在阻生和/或先天性缺失（发育不全）的第三磨牙，以及影像学特征（温特分类、佩尔-格雷戈里分级、牙根形态）。
协变量包括萌出状态（完全阻生、部分阻生或已萌出）、牙齿特定位置和相关病变。
采用卡方检验比较按性别、年龄组和牙齿位置划分的患病率和分布模式。显著性设定为P < 0.05。
在15至20岁的个体中，68.0%检测到阻生。发育不全发生率为37.28%。女性多重阻生的发生率略高。上颌磨牙主要为完全阻生，而下颌磨牙大多为部分阻生。牙槽骨吸收（52.08%）和龋齿（36.9%）是最常见的病变。下颌中近中阻生占主导；上颌中远中位置居多。
第三磨牙阻生和发育不全的高患病率凸显了制定特定地区临床指南的重要性。早期影像学评估可能有助于预防该人群的并发症并改善治疗效果。
