Sandhu Harpinder, Sexton Amie, Joshi Priyambada, Recht Lee, Chakraborty Ayon, Sandhu Sukhbir
Ararat Jobs and Technology Precinct, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Mount Helen, Victoria, Australia.
Israel Innovation Authority, Jerusalem, Israel.
PLoS One. 2025 Aug 1;20(8):e0328789. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0328789. eCollection 2025.
Understanding the impacts of protein production systems is necessary to plan the just transition of food systems. We analysed 285 studies to assess the impacts of 13 protein systems across 25 indicators under five key categories-natural capital, human capital, social capital, produced capital and governance. Nine protein systems (regenerative, organic, rangelands, free-range poultry, sustainable energy cultivated meat, conventional energy cultivated meat, mixed grains and livestock, pastoralists and plant-based) have overall positive impacts across all five categories. In comparison, four protein systems have negative impacts (small-scale beef, caged poultry, industrial pork, and confined feeding operations). We then used this in-depth assessment to develop five 'what if' future scenarios to track and assess the transition of protein production systems to 2050. Rapid reduction of industrial production may contribute to a just and inclusive transition of protein production systems. This assessment can help reduce risks associated with negative impacts and assist in governing and managing protein production systems towards long-term sustainability.
了解蛋白质生产系统的影响对于规划粮食系统的公正转型至关重要。我们分析了285项研究，以评估13种蛋白质系统在自然资本、人力资本、社会资本、生产资本和治理这五个关键类别下25项指标的影响。九种蛋白质系统（再生、有机、牧场、散养家禽、可持续能源养殖肉类、传统能源养殖肉类、混合谷物和牲畜、牧民和植物性）在所有五个类别中总体上具有积极影响。相比之下，四种蛋白质系统有负面影响（小规模牛肉、笼养家禽、工业化猪肉和集约化饲养场）。然后，我们利用这一深入评估制定了五个“如果……会怎样”的未来情景，以跟踪和评估到2050年蛋白质生产系统的转型。工业生产的快速减少可能有助于蛋白质生产系统实现公正和包容性转型。这一评估有助于降低与负面影响相关的风险，并协助管理蛋白质生产系统以实现长期可持续性。
