Sulfur fumigation of botanical drugs: impact on chemical composition and pharmacological properties, and advances in detection technologies.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), a fundamental aspect of traditional medicine, is highly regarded for its natural efficacy and diverse applications. However, sulfur fumigation, a prevalent processing technique used to prevent insect and mold infestations, poses significant risks, including the presence of Sulfur Dioxide (SO) residues, alterations in chemical compositions, diminished therapeutic effects, and heightened toxicity. As the demand for TCM continues to rise, ensuring its quality and safety becomes increasingly critical. This review explores the significance of analytical and regulatory methods for monitoring SO residues and the chemical changes induced by sulfur fumigation. The application of sulfur fumigation significantly impacts the chemical and pharmacological properties of TCM, leading to notable changes in its bioactive components. Studies show that the structure and concentration of the main components, such as ginsenosides, anthraquinones, and flavonoids are changed by this process, which decreases their pharmacological activity, which includes antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Additionally, the sulfur dioxide and heavy metals generated during sulfur fumigation have posed new toxicological concerns. Prolonged exposure to these residues may result in respiratory problems and potential carcinogenic effects. In recent years, researchers have created various innovative detection technologies, including fluorescent probe rapid detection methods and machine learning algorithms, to improve the precision of identifying and quantifying chemical changes in sulfur-fumigated samples. Promoting safe alternative drying methods, including natural and hot-air drying, along with desulfurization techniques, can significantly reduce the damage caused by sulfur fumigation to the chemical composition of botanical drugs. This manuscript advocates for sustainable practices to ensure the safe use of botanical drugs, protect public health, and promote responsible processing, storage, and utilization of botanical drug products. Although existing research has revealed the impact of sulfur fumigation on the chemical and pharmacological properties of certain TCM, most studies suffer from issues such as small sample sizes and lax experimental condition control, which limit the generalizability of their conclusions. Moreover, the absence of systematic research on key factors like sulfur fumigation duration and temperature makes it challenging to establish a precise quantitative relationship between the extent of sulfur fumigation and the resulting quality changes in medicinal materials.