Nanocomposites containing graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have become a promising treatment option for breast cancer  (BC) in women. The creative uses of GQDs to improve the effectiveness of BC treatments are examined in this review paper. GQDs provide several advantages over traditional therapies, including their unique optical properties, biocompatibility, and ability to distribute drugs precisely. Multifunctional nanocomposites have been created by integrating GQDs with nanomaterials that enhance drug solubility and stability and allow real-time imaging monitoring of treatment responses. This review critically examines current developments in GQD-based nanocomposites, emphasizing their applications, mechanisms of action, capacity to overcome drug resistance, and contribution of surface changes to improved targeted specificity. The challenges and future directions for the clinical use of GQD nanocomposites emphasize the need for an in-depth study to assess their long-term efficacy and safety. This review attempts to thoroughly understand GQD nanocomposites as a new frontier in BC therapy by combining the most recent research findings. This will pave the way for innovative therapeutic modalities that could significantly improve patient outcomes.