El Zein Hicham, Fois Mauro, Gori Benedetta, Bacchetta Gianluigi
Biodiversity Conservation Centre (CCB), Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, 09123, Italy University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy.
PhytoKeys. 2025 Jul 28;260:153-184. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.260.156938. eCollection 2025.
Given its high concentration of rare and endangered plant species, Lebanon is recognized as a biodiversity meso-hotspot within the Levant. This study presents a list of vascular plants endemic to Lebanon, detailing their taxonomic diversity, comparing them with the floras of Egypt, Iran and Turkey, and examining their life forms, spatial distribution across key geomorphological features, and conservation status. The list, comprising 169 taxa belonging to 37 families and 99 genera, was compiled through a comprehensive review of published literature, examination of herbarium specimens, and insights from field observations. The five most endemic-rich families are Asteraceae (18.9%), Lamiaceae (14.2%), Fabaceae (11.2%), Caryophyllaceae (5.9%), and Iridaceae (5.9%). The most endemic-rich genus is (8.3%), followed by (4.7%), (4.1%), and (3%). The comparison with other floras highlighted the relationships with the neighboring floristic regions, mostly the Irano-Turanian and Mediterranean. In terms of spatial distribution, Mount Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon emerge as centers of endemism, hosting respectively 70 and 21 exclusive taxa. Hemicryptophytes are the predominant life form (67.6%), followed by geophytes (13.6%), and chamaephytes (10%), reflecting the mountainous and Mediterranean character of Lebanon. According to IUCN Red List, 53% of the taxa have been assessed, with 10% taxa classified as Critically endangered, 27.8% as Endangered, 9.5% as Vulnerable. The checklist is available on an online repository and is considered dynamic. It will be updated in response to taxonomic changes resulting from genetic analyses and revisions of distribution ranges.
黎巴嫩因其拥有高浓度的珍稀濒危植物物种，被公认为黎凡特地区的一个生物多样性中尺度热点地区。本研究列出了黎巴嫩特有的维管植物清单，详细说明了它们的分类多样性，将它们与埃及、伊朗和土耳其的植物区系进行了比较，并研究了它们的生活型、在关键地貌特征上的空间分布以及保护状况。该清单包含属于37科99属的169个分类单元，是通过对已发表文献的全面综述、标本馆标本的检查以及实地观察的见解编制而成的。特有种最丰富的五个科是菊科（18.9%）、唇形科（14.2%）、豆科（11.2%）、石竹科（5.9%）和鸢尾科（5.9%）。特有种最丰富的属是[此处原文缺失属名]（8.3%），其次是[此处原文缺失属名]（4.7%）、[此处原文缺失属名]（4.1%）和[此处原文缺失属名]（3%）。与其他植物区系的比较突出了与邻近植物区系区域的关系，主要是伊朗 - 图兰和地中海植物区系。在空间分布方面，黎巴嫩山和黎巴嫩前山成为特有性中心，分别有70种和21种独特的分类单元。地面芽植物是主要的生活型（67.6%），其次是地下芽植物（13.6%）和地上芽植物（10%），这反映了黎巴嫩的山地和地中海特征。根据世界自然保护联盟红色名录，已评估了53%的分类单元，其中10%的分类单元被列为极度濒危，27.8%为濒危，9.5%为易危。该清单可在一个在线知识库中获取，并被视为动态的。它将根据遗传分析和分布范围修订导致的分类变化进行更新。
