Hakim Budianto, Wibowo Unggul Prasetyo, van den Bergh Gerrit D, Yurnaldi Dida, Joannes-Boyau Renaud, Duli Akin, Sardi Ratno, Nurani Indah Asikin, Puspaningrum Mika Rizki, Mahmud Irfan, Haris Afdalah, Anshari Khairun Al, Saiful Andi Muhammad, Arman Bungaran P, Adhityatama Shinatria, Muhammad Putra Hudlinas, Akib Anwar, Somba Nani, Burhan Basran, Mas'ud Zubair, Moore Mark W, Perston Yinika L, Yu Wenjing, Aubert Maxime, Brumm Adam
Pusat Riset Arkeologi Prasejarah dan Sejarah (Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN)), Jakarta, Indonesia.
Pusat Kolaborasi Riset Arkeologi Sulawesi (BRIN-Universitas Hasanuddin), Makassar, Indonesia.
Nature. 2025 Aug 6. doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09348-6.
The dispersal of archaic hominins beyond mainland Southeast Asia (Sunda) represents the earliest evidence for humans crossing ocean barriers to reach isolated landmasses. Previously, the oldest indication of hominins in Wallacea, the oceanic island zone east of Sunda, comprised flaked stone artefacts deposited at least 1.02 ± 0.02 million years ago (Ma) at Wolo Sege on Flores. Early hominins were also established on the oceanic island of Luzon (Philippines), as indicated by both stone artefacts and cut marks on faunal remains dating to between 777 and 631 thousand years ago (ka) at Kalinga. Moreover, fossils of extinct, small-bodied hominins occur on Flores (Homo floresiensis) and Luzon (Homo luzonensis). On Sulawesi, the largest Wallacean island, previous excavations revealed stone artefacts with a minimum age of 194 ka at the open site of Talepu in the Walanae Depression, long preceding the earliest known presence of modern humans (Homo sapiens) in the region (73-63 ka in Sunda). Here we show that stone artefacts also occur at the nearby site of Calio in fossiliferous layers dated to at least 1.04 Ma and possibly up to 1.48 Ma, using palaeomagnetic dating of sedimentary rocks and coupled Uranium-series (U-series) and electron-spin resonance (US-ESR) dating of fossil teeth. The discovery of Early Pleistocene artefacts at Calio suggests that Sulawesi was populated by hominins at around the same time as Flores, if not earlier.
古老人类扩散到东南亚大陆（巽他）以外地区，是人类跨越海洋屏障抵达孤立陆地的最早证据。此前，在巽他以东的大洋岛屿带华莱士区，最古老的人类迹象是至少在102万±2万年之前沉积在弗洛勒斯岛沃洛塞格的片状石器。吕宋岛（菲律宾）这个大洋岛屿上也发现了早期人类的踪迹，证据是卡林加发现的可追溯到77.7万至63.1万年前的石器和动物遗骸上的切割痕迹。此外，弗洛勒斯岛（弗洛勒斯人）和吕宋岛（吕宋人）上出现了已灭绝的小型人类化石。在华莱士区最大的岛屿苏拉威西岛，此前的发掘在瓦拉奈凹陷的塔勒普露天遗址发现了最低年代为19.4万年的石器，这比该地区已知最早的现代人类（智人）出现时间（巽他地区为7.3万至6.3万年前）要早得多。我们在此表明，利用沉积岩古地磁测年以及化石牙齿的铀系（U系）和电子自旋共振（US-ESR）联合测年，在苏拉威西岛附近的卡利奥遗址的含化石层中也发现了石器，其年代至少为104万年，可能长达148万年。卡利奥早更新世石器的发现表明，苏拉威西岛在大约与弗洛勒斯岛相同的时间（如果不是更早的话）就有人类居住。
