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成人起病型吉特林综合征:病例分析与文献综述

Adult-Onset Gitelman Syndrome: Case Analysis and Literature Review.

作者信息

Haddiya Intissar, Ramdani Sara, Kadi Aymane, Machmachi Imane, Benabdelhak Mohammed, Bentata Yassamine

机构信息

Department of Nephrology, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Oujda, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco.

Laboratory of Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Oujda, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco.

出版信息

Case Rep Med. 2025 Jul 31;2025:2647228. doi: 10.1155/carm/2647228. eCollection 2025.

Abstract

Gitelman syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive renal tubulopathy, characterized by hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia, hypochloremia, and metabolic alkalosis. The syndrome commonly presents with symptoms such as fatigue, muscle cramps, and tetany, impacting patients' quality of life. Although genetic confirmation via identification of mutations in the gene is ideal, resource constraints often limit access to these tests, especially in low-resource settings. This study aims to analyze the clinical, biochemical, and familial features of Gitelman syndrome in three patients, highlighting the syndrome's characteristic biochemical abnormalities and discussing the implications of limited genetic testing. We conducted a comparative analysis of three diagnosed cases of Gitelman syndrome. Clinical presentations, biochemical data (with emphasis on magnesium and potassium levels), and family histories were systematically collected. Due to logistical limitations, genetic testing could not be performed. A comparative evaluation was then undertaken to assess commonalities and differences among the cases. All three patients presented with hallmark clinical features of Gitelman syndrome, including fatigue, muscle cramps, and intermittent tetany. Biochemical evaluation revealed persistent hypokalemia (serum potassium: 1.0-3.1 mmol/L), hypomagnesemia (0.53-0.60 mmol/L), and metabolic alkalosis (HCO : 28-31.5 mmol/L; pH: 7.40-7.45). Urinary electrolyte profiles demonstrated inappropriate renal losses of potassium (54 mmol/24 h), chloride (180-190 mmol/24 h), and sodium (70-120 mmol/24 h). Serum creatinine levels remained within normal limits (7-9.1 mg/L), and parathormone concentrations ranged from 30 to 32 pg/mL. No suggestive clinical signs of Bartter syndrome were observed, and secondary causes such as diuretic use, autoimmune nephropathies, and endocrinopathies were excluded. Family history was negative in two of the three cases, suggesting the potential for de novo mutations or undetected autosomal recessive inheritance. All patients were managed with oral potassium and magnesium supplementation, resulting in notable clinical and biochemical improvement, with follow-up serum potassium ranging from 3.5 to 3.9 mmol/L and magnesium from 0.74 to 1.3 mmol/L. The clinical and biochemical findings in these patients are strongly indicative of Gitelman syndrome, even in the absence of genetic confirmation. This study emphasizes the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach in diagnosing and managing Gitelman syndrome, where biochemical assessments and clinical findings are instrumental. While genetic testing could provide conclusive evidence, effective management through electrolyte supplementation plays a crucial role in improving patients' quality of life.

摘要

吉特曼综合征是一种罕见的常染色体隐性肾小管病,其特征为低镁血症、低钾血症、低氯血症和代谢性碱中毒。该综合征通常表现为疲劳、肌肉痉挛和手足抽搐等症状,影响患者的生活质量。虽然通过鉴定该基因中的突变进行基因确认是理想的,但资源限制常常阻碍这些检测的开展,尤其是在资源匮乏的地区。本研究旨在分析三名患者吉特曼综合征的临床、生化和家族特征,突出该综合征特有的生化异常,并讨论有限的基因检测所带来的影响。我们对三例确诊的吉特曼综合征病例进行了对比分析。系统收集了临床表现、生化数据(重点关注镁和钾水平)以及家族史。由于后勤限制,未能进行基因检测。随后进行了对比评估,以评估病例之间的共性和差异。所有三名患者均表现出吉特曼综合征的典型临床特征,包括疲劳、肌肉痉挛和间歇性手足抽搐。生化评估显示持续性低钾血症(血清钾:1.0 - 3.1 mmol/L)、低镁血症(0.53 - 0.60 mmol/L)和代谢性碱中毒(HCO:28 - 31.5 mmol/L;pH:7.40 - 7.45)。尿电解质分析显示钾(54 mmol/24小时)、氯(180 - 190 mmol/24小时)和钠(70 - 120 mmol/24小时)的肾脏排泄异常。血清肌酐水平保持在正常范围内(7 - 9.1 mg/L),甲状旁腺激素浓度范围为30至32 pg/mL。未观察到巴特综合征的提示性临床体征,且排除了利尿剂使用、自身免疫性肾病和内分泌疾病等继发性病因。三例中有两例家族史为阴性,提示可能存在新发突变或未被检测到的常染色体隐性遗传。所有患者均接受口服钾和镁补充治疗,临床和生化指标有显著改善,随访时血清钾范围为3.5至3.9 mmol/L,镁为0.74至1.3 mmol/L。即使没有基因确认,这些患者的临床和生化表现也强烈提示为吉特曼综合征。本研究强调了多学科方法在诊断和管理吉特曼综合征中的必要性,其中生化评估和临床发现至关重要。虽然基因检测可以提供确凿证据,但通过补充电解质进行有效管理在改善患者生活质量方面起着关键作用。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/846a/12331411/9f03e908bf08/CRIM2025-2647228.001.jpg

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