Yu Ping, Wang Xin, Su Na, Gao Zi-Xuan, Sang Chen-Hao, Wang Hai-Yan, Sun Feng, Zhou Jie, Fang Lei
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250012, China; School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250012, China.
School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250012, China.
Int J Biol Macromol. 2025 Sep;322(Pt 2):146717. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.146717. Epub 2025 Aug 8.
Glycoproteins have not been reported in the previous studies of American ginseng. This study focuses on developing an efficient method for the extraction of glycoproteins from American ginseng (GAG). Three choline chloride (ChCl)-based natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) and three extraction techniques including microwave-, ultrasound-, and heating and stirring-assisted extraction were evaluated in the study. Extraction processes were optimized via response surface methodology. The results indicated that all three ChCl-based NADES were effective for the extraction of GAG, and the microwave-assisted choline chloride:malic acid (ChCl:MalA) showed the highest efficiency. Maximum yield of GAG (19.91 %) was achieved using microwave-assisted ChCl:MalA extraction under the following conditions: ChCl:MalA molar ratio of 1:2, water content of 80 %, liquid/solid ratio of 20 mL/g, microwave time of 26 min, microwave power of 62 W, and extraction temperature of 110 °C. The microwave-assisted ChCl:MalA increased GAG yield by 47 % while reducing processing time by 87 % compared to conventional extraction. Structural characterization of GAG showed that different extraction methods had a significant effect on its structure, and the GAG extracted by microwave-assisted ChCl:MalA had a moderate molecular weight, a narrow molecular weight distribution, a high percentage of glucose composition, typical glycoprotein structural features, and a rough surface morphology. In addition, the glycoproteins extracted via microwave-assisted ChCl:MalA demonstrated superior in vitro hepatoprotective activity. In conclusion, microwave-assisted ChCl:MalA would be an efficient method for GAG.
在先前对西洋参的研究中尚未报道过糖蛋白。本研究着重于开发一种从西洋参中提取糖蛋白（GAG）的有效方法。研究评估了三种基于氯化胆碱（ChCl）的天然深共熔溶剂（NADES）以及三种提取技术，包括微波辅助提取、超声辅助提取和加热搅拌辅助提取。通过响应面法对提取工艺进行了优化。结果表明，所有三种基于ChCl的NADES对GAG的提取均有效，其中微波辅助的氯化胆碱：苹果酸（ChCl：MalA）效率最高。在以下条件下，采用微波辅助ChCl：MalA提取可实现GAG的最大产率（19.91%）：ChCl：MalA摩尔比为1：2、含水量为80% liquid/solid ratio of 20 mL/g、微波时间为26分钟、微波功率为62瓦以及提取温度为110°C。与传统提取相比，微波辅助ChCl：MalA使GAG产率提高了47%，同时处理时间减少了87%。GAG的结构表征表明，不同的提取方法对其结构有显著影响，微波辅助ChCl：MalA提取的GAG具有中等分子量、较窄的分子量分布、较高的葡萄糖组成百分比、典型的糖蛋白结构特征以及粗糙的表面形态。此外，通过微波辅助ChCl：MalA提取的糖蛋白表现出优异的体外肝脏保护活性。总之，微波辅助ChCl：MalA将是一种提取GAG的有效方法。
