Azeem Riaz-M, Yang Ying-Shi, Sehrish Siddique, Shi Chun-Wei, Yang Gui-Lian, Kumar Suthar-Teerath, Yang Wen-Tao, Wang Chun-Feng
College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2025 Jul 25;15:1625665. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1625665. eCollection 2025.
H5N1 is a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) with zoonotic potential, posing a significant risk to animal health, agriculture, and human public health. A particular strain, clade 2.3.4.4b, has spread globally and has been detected in various mammalian species-including cattle and a limited number of human cases-highlighting its potential to spark a pandemic. Investigating this specific clade represents a crucial step toward the development of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. This mini-review aims to outline the etiology and pathophysiological mechanisms driving the current bird flu outbreak in cattle. A targeted literature search was conducted in PubMed for studies published between 2003 and 2025 using keywords such as "bird flu", "cattle", "mammals", "H5N1", and "pathogenesis". This review explores the pathogenic mechanisms and clinical manifestations associated with HPAIV H5N1 infections in mammals specially in cattle. A key hypothesis is that the ongoing outbreak is fueled by molecular adaptations in the virus that enhance its ability to cross species barriers. As these mechanisms continue to be uncovered, there is a pressing need for high-quality research to inform pandemic preparedness, guide effective control strategies, and support the development of targeted vaccines and antiviral therapies.
H5N1是一种具有人畜共患病潜力的高致病性禽流感病毒（HPAIV），对动物健康、农业和人类公共卫生构成重大风险。一种特定的毒株，进化分支2.3.4.4b，已在全球传播，并在包括牛在内的各种哺乳动物物种中被检测到，在少数人类病例中也有发现，凸显了其引发大流行的潜力。对这一特定进化分支进行调查是制定有效预防和治疗策略的关键一步。本综述旨在概述引发当前牛群禽流感疫情的病因和病理生理机制。在PubMed上进行了有针对性的文献检索，以查找2003年至2025年期间发表的研究，使用了“禽流感”、“牛”、“哺乳动物”、“H5N1”和“发病机制”等关键词。本综述探讨了与HPAIV H5N1感染哺乳动物特别是牛相关的致病机制和临床表现。一个关键假设是，病毒中的分子适应性增强了其跨物种屏障的能力，从而推动了当前的疫情爆发。随着这些机制不断被发现，迫切需要高质量的研究来为大流行防范提供信息、指导有效的控制策略，并支持针对性疫苗和抗病毒疗法的开发。
