Defense Mechanisms of Chickpea against Chickpea Pod Borer, and Chickpea Leafminer, : from Plant Morphology to Molecular Level.

Chickpea is cultivated in more than 50 countries around the world, with a growing market reaching more than USD 11 billion worldwide. The annual production of chickpeas is around 1 t/ha, which is less than the expected yield of 6 t/ha when grown under optimal conditions. Insect pests are considered the major hindrance to chickpea production, with chickpea leafminer ( Rondani) and chickpea pod borer ( Hübner) as the most spread and damaging ones. Host-plant resistance is the most effective control strategy to significantly reduce the use of pesticides and their side effects on beneficial organisms and the environment. This perspective aimed to highlight the mechanisms of defense of chickpea against its most damaging insect pests and . In chickpeas, antixenosis and antibiosis are the most commonly reported resistance types. The key identified traits associated with the antixenosis defense against insect pests include trichomes on the leaf surface, organic acid exudation, and leaf size. The antibiosis resistance of chickpeas is related to the pod thickness, high content of phenolics, flavonoids, organic acids, defense enzymes, proteinase inhibitors, and attractiveness capacity of natural enemies. Docking results indicated that flavonoid compounds were successfully docked into the chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase active sites, predicting the inhibitory capacity of these compounds against the digestion of proteins in the pod borer. The overall mechanisms of defense of chickpeas are governed by several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) located in eight linkage groups (CaLG01-CaLG08). In addition to biochemical compounds and proteinase inhibitors, the mechanism of defense of transgenic chickpeas has also been discussed.