High-resolution maps of rice cropping intensity across Southeast Asia.

Southeast Asia contributes 20% of the world's rice production and 29% of global rice methane emissions, highlighting the need for accurate data on harvested areas to support food security and greenhouse gas accounting. However, existing paddy rice maps often lack information on cropping intensity, spatial resolution, and accuracy due to diverse cultivation practices. This study presents a 10-m resolution, open-access dataset of rice cropping intensity, enabling the precise estimation of growing and harvested areas across Southeast Asia. The Local Unsupervised Classification with Phenological Labelling (LUCK-PALM) was used to generate the map by combining Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-2A/B data (2020-2021). Validation at the pixel level (n = 58,885) shows an overall accuracy of 0.98, a kappa coefficient of 0.870, and an F1 score of 0.879 in identifying rice areas. This comprehensive dataset is available in a public repository and can be used to enhance food and water security strategies and refines estimates of methane emissions.