Efficient estimating and clustering lithium-ion batteries with a deep-learning approach.

Growing energy storage demand has solidified the dominance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in modern societies but intensifies recycling pressures. Precise state-of-health (SOH) assessment is crucial to grouping retired batteries from an unknown state for secondary utilization. However, batteries in the pack exhibit distinct capacity fading behaviors due to their service scenarios and working conditions. We develop a deep-learning framework for rapid, transferable SOH estimation and battery classification. This framework integrates deep neural networks with interconnected electrochemical, mechanical, and thermal features. Our model delivers optimal accuracy with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.822% and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.048% using combined features. It demonstrates robust performance across various conditions and enables SOH prediction with data from merely one previous cycle. Moreover, the well-trained model could adapt to other electrode systems with a minimal number of additional samples. This work highlights critical features for SOH estimation and enables efficient battery classification toward sustainable recycling.