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波兰沃林中世纪犬类遗骸的形态学和计量分析。

Morphological and Metric Analysis of Medieval Dog Remains from Wolin, Poland.

作者信息

Baranowski Piotr

机构信息

Department of Animal Anatomy and Zoology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Biotechnology Szczecin, Klemensa Janickiego 33, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland.

出版信息

Animals (Basel). 2025 Jul 23;15(15):2171. doi: 10.3390/ani15152171.

Abstract

This study analyzes 209 dog skeletons from two sites in Wolin (9th-mid-13th century AD) using 100 standard metric variables covering cranial, mandibular, and postcranial elements. Estimated withers height, body mass, age at death, and sex were derived using established methods. The results indicate the presence of at least two to three morphotypes: small spitz-like dogs (40-50 cm, 4-6 kg), medium brachycephalic forms (50-60 cm, 10-15 kg), and larger mesocephalic individuals (up to 65 cm, 20-40 kg). Dogs lived 3-10 years, with both sexes represented. Signs of cranial trauma and dental wear suggest utilitarian roles such as guarding. The size range and morphological diversity point to intentional breeding and trade-based importation. Small dogs likely served as companions or city guards, while medium and large types were used for herding, hunting, or transport. These findings highlight Wolin's role as a dynamic cultural and trade center, where human-dog relationships were shaped by anthropogenic selection and regional exchange.

摘要

本研究分析了来自沃林两个遗址(公元9世纪至13世纪中叶)的209具狗骨骼,使用了涵盖颅骨、下颌骨和颅后骨骼元素的100个标准度量变量。通过既定方法得出了估计的肩高、体重、死亡年龄和性别。结果表明至少存在两到三种形态类型:小型狐狸样犬(40 - 50厘米,4 - 6千克)、中型短头型犬(50 - 60厘米,10 - 15千克)和体型较大的中头型个体(高达65厘米,20 - 40千克)。狗的寿命为3 - 10年,两性均有。颅骨创伤和牙齿磨损迹象表明其具有如守卫等功利性作用。体型范围和形态多样性表明存在有意的繁殖和基于贸易的进口。小型犬可能充当伴侣或城市守卫,而中型和大型犬则用于放牧、狩猎或运输。这些发现凸显了沃林作为一个充满活力的文化和贸易中心的作用,在那里人与狗的关系是由人为选择和区域交流塑造的。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/ce41/12345418/5091b313e97e/animals-15-02171-g001.jpg

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