Szczepaniak Robert, Piątkiewicz Michał, Gryc Dominik, Przybyłek Paweł, Woroniak Grzegorz, Piotrowska-Woroniak Joanna
Faculty of Aviation, Polish Air Force University, Dywizjonu 303 No. 35, 08-521 Deblin, Poland.
41 Air Training Base, Brygady Poscigowej 5, 08-521 Deblin, Poland.
Materials (Basel). 2025 Jul 28;18(15):3530. doi: 10.3390/ma18153530.
This paper explores the impact of applying a powder additive in the form of halloysite and mullite on the thermal protection properties of a composite. The authors used CES R70 epoxy resin with CES H72 hardener, modified by varying the amount of powder additive. The composite samples were exposed to a mixture of combustible gases at a temperature of approximately 1000 °C. The primary parameters analyzed during this study were the temperature on the rear surface of the sample and the ablative mass loss of the tested material. The temperature increase on the rear surface of the sample, which was exposed to the hot stream of flammable gases, was measured for 120 s. Another key parameter considered in the data analysis was the ablative mass loss. The charred layer of the sample played a crucial role in this process, as it helped block oxygen diffusion from the boundary layer of the original material. This charred layer absorbed thermal energy until it reached a temperature at which it either oxidized or was mechanically removed due to the erosive effects of the heating factor. The incorporation of mullite reduced the rear surface temperature from 58.9 °C to 49.2 °C, and for halloysite, it was reduced the rear surface temperature to 49.8 °C. The ablative weight loss dropped from 57% to 18.9% for mullite and to 39.9% for halloysite. The speed of mass ablation was reduced from 77.9 mg/s to 25.2 mg/s (mullite) and 52.4 mg/s (halloysite), while the layer thickness loss decreased from 7.4 mm to 2.8 mm (mullite) and 4.4 mm (halloysite). This research is innovative in its use of halloysite and mullite as functional additives to enhance the ablative resistance of polymer composites under extreme thermal conditions. This novel approach not only contributes to a deeper understanding of composite behavior at high temperatures but also opens up new avenues for the development of advanced thermal protection systems. Potential applications of these materials include aerospace structures, fire-resistant components, and protective coatings in environments exposed to intense heat and flame.
本文探讨了以埃洛石和莫来石形式添加粉末添加剂对复合材料热防护性能的影响。作者使用了CES R70环氧树脂和CES H72固化剂，并通过改变粉末添加剂的用量进行改性。将复合材料样品暴露在温度约为1000℃的可燃气体混合物中。本研究期间分析的主要参数是样品后表面的温度和测试材料的烧蚀质量损失。对暴露在可燃气体热流中的样品后表面温度升高情况进行了120秒的测量。数据分析中考虑的另一个关键参数是烧蚀质量损失。样品的炭化层在这个过程中起着至关重要的作用，因为它有助于阻止氧气从原始材料的边界层扩散。这个炭化层吸收热能，直到达到一个温度，此时它要么被氧化，要么由于加热因素的侵蚀作用而被机械去除。莫来石的加入使后表面温度从58.9℃降至49.2℃，对于埃洛石，后表面温度降至49.8℃。莫来石的烧蚀失重从57%降至18.9%，埃洛石降至39.9%。质量烧蚀速度从77.9毫克/秒降至25.2毫克/秒（莫来石）和52.4毫克/秒（埃洛石），而层厚损失从7.4毫米降至2.8毫米（莫来石）和4.4毫米（埃洛石）。本研究在使用埃洛石和莫来石作为功能添加剂以增强聚合物复合材料在极端热条件下的抗烧蚀性方面具有创新性。这种新方法不仅有助于更深入地了解复合材料在高温下的行为，还为先进热防护系统的开发开辟了新途径。这些材料的潜在应用包括航空航天结构、耐火部件以及暴露在强热和火焰环境中的防护涂层。
