Broadway Matthew S, Todaro Holly M, Koeck Molly M, Dotterweich Courtney N, Cain Sarah A, Buehler Lindsey, Chitwood M Colter, Lonsinger Robert C
Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, 008 Agriculture Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States.
U.S. Geological Survey, Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Oklahoma State University, 007 Agriculture Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States.
J Mammal. 2025 Apr 21;106(4):976-988. doi: 10.1093/jmammal/gyaf023. eCollection 2025 Aug.
Biological invasions pose significant risks to ecosystems and native species. Wild pigs () are a highly detrimental invasive species in North America, directly and indirectly affecting native species. Co-occurrence of wild pigs and native species may lead to interspecific interactions that alter ecological communities. Accordingly, we investigated spatial and temporal factors influencing detection and occupancy of Eurasian Wild Pig and Nine-banded Armadillo () before examining interspecific effects. We analyzed camera-trap data collected from August to September 2021 using a hierarchical modeling framework to estimate detection and occupancy of both species individually (single-species analyses) and concurrently (conditional co-occurrence analyses). We observed higher Wild Pig detection rates and space use in late summer and in areas with greater riparian cover, respectively. Armadillo detection increased linearly throughout our sampling season and in response to precipitation. Moreover, armadillo detection was 3.5 to 5.1× higher at sites used by wild pigs, regardless of whether wild pigs were detected during a survey period. Occupancy of armadillo was best explained by a quadratic trend in site elevation but did not depend on the presence of wild pigs. Our results indicate that wild pigs may influence armadillo detection (or site-use intensity), but not occupancy, therefore revealing nuanced interspecific interactions. Between species, we observed high overlap in diel activity but significantly different activity peaks, with armadillos being strictly nocturnal and wild pigs being crepuscular but with more cathemeral activity, suggesting that fine-scale temporal partitioning may have occurred. Our results provide insights into the influence of a large-bodied and destructive invasive species (Wild Pig) on a smaller, ecologically important native species (Nine-banded Armadillo).
生物入侵对生态系统和本地物种构成重大风险。野猪（Sus scrofa）是北美极具危害性的入侵物种，直接或间接影响本地物种。野猪与本地物种的共存可能导致种间相互作用，从而改变生态群落。因此，在研究种间效应之前，我们调查了影响欧亚野猪（Sus scrofa）和九带犰狳（Dasypus novemcinctus）被发现及占据情况的空间和时间因素。我们使用分层建模框架分析了2021年8月至9月收集的相机陷阱数据，以分别估计这两个物种的被发现及占据情况（单物种分析）和同时估计（条件共存分析）。我们分别观察到夏末野猪的被发现率较高以及在河岸植被覆盖度较高的区域野猪的空间利用情况。在整个采样季节，犰狳的被发现率随降水量呈线性增加。此外，无论在调查期间是否检测到野猪，在野猪使用的地点犰狳的被发现率要高出3.5至5.1倍。犰狳的占据情况最好用地点海拔的二次趋势来解释，但并不取决于野猪的存在。我们的结果表明，野猪可能会影响犰狳的被发现情况（或地点使用强度），但不会影响其占据情况，因此揭示了细微的种间相互作用。在物种之间，我们观察到昼夜活动存在高度重叠，但活动高峰明显不同，犰狳严格夜行，野猪晨昏活动但有更多的全天活动，这表明可能发生了精细的时间划分。我们的结果为大型且具破坏性的入侵物种（野猪）对较小的、具有生态重要性的本地物种（九带犰狳）的影响提供了见解。
