Development of a lung perfusion automated quantitative model based on dual-energy CT pulmonary angiography in patients with chronic pulmonary thromboembolism.

OBJECTIVE

To develop PerAIDE, an AI-driven system for automated analysis of pulmonary perfusion blood volume (PBV) using dual-energy computed tomography pulmonary angiography (DE-CTPA) in patients with chronic pulmonary thromboembolism (CPE).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this prospective observational study, 32 patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease (CTEPD) and 151 patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) were enrolled between January 2022 and July 2024. PerAIDE was developed to automatically quantify three distinct perfusion patterns-normal, reduced, and defective-on DE-CTPA images. Two radiologists independently assessed PBV scores. Follow-up imaging was conducted 3 months after balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA).

RESULTS

PerAIDE demonstrated high agreement with the radiologists (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.778) and reduced analysis time significantly (31 ± 3 s vs. 15 ± 4 min, p < 0.001). CTEPH patients had greater perfusion defects than CTEPD (0.35 vs. 0.29, p < 0.001), while reduced perfusion was more prevalent in CTEPD (0.36 vs. 0.30, p < 0.001). Perfusion defects correlated positively with pulmonary vascular resistance (ρ = 0.534) and mean pulmonary artery pressure (ρ = 0.482), and negatively with oxygenation index (ρ = -0.441). PerAIDE effectively differentiated CTEPH from CTEPD (AUC = 0.809, 95% CI: 0.745-0.863). At the 3-month post-BPA, a significant reduction in perfusion defects was observed (0.36 vs. 0.33, p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

CTEPD and CTEPH exhibit distinct perfusion phenotypes on DE-CTPA. PerAIDE reliably quantifies perfusion abnormalities and correlates strongly with clinical and hemodynamic markers of CPE severity.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT06526468. Registered 28 August 2024- Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06526468?cond=NCT06526468&rank=1 .

CRITICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT

PerAIDE is a dual-energy computed tomography pulmonary angiography (DE-CTPA) AI-driven system that rapidly and accurately assesses perfusion blood volume in patients with chronic pulmonary thromboembolism, effectively distinguishing between CTEPD and CTEPH phenotypes and correlating with disease severity and therapeutic response.

KEY POINTS

Right heart catheterization for definitive diagnosis of chronic pulmonary thromboembolism (CPE) is invasive. PerAIDE-based perfusion defects correlated with disease severity to aid CPE-treatment assessment. CTEPH demonstrates severe perfusion defects, while CTEPD displays predominantly reduced perfusion. PerAIDE employs a U-Net-based adaptive threshold method, which achieves alignment with and faster processing relative to manual evaluation.