Muhammed Shaz P, Holla B R K, Balakrishna K, Warrier Anish Kumar
Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
Centre for Smart Coastal Sustainability, Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
Sci Rep. 2025 Aug 19;15(1):30344. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-12439-z.
Artificial flooding of rainwater is most common in urban areas due to various reasons, such as improper drainage systems, obstruction of natural drainage by building constructions, and encroachment of stormwater nallahs. Flash floods lead to significant losses, disrupt transportation, and cause inconvenience to the public. Udupi, characterized by its porous lateritic strata, undulating topography, and proximity to the sea, experiences artificial flooding during the peak monsoon season in its low-lying areas, primarily due to the overflow of the Indrani River, which is also a potential water resource for Udupi, Karnataka. Currently, the river faces significant challenges due to increasing anthropogenic activities. Revitalizing the Indrani River offers numerous benefits, including its potential use as a drinking water source during periods of water scarcity. This study aims to propose flood and stormwater management measures for the river catchment and to evaluate selected water quality parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity) at fifteen strategic locations along the river course. Higher conductivity observed at downstream stations is attributed to sewage discharge from urban settlements and a sewage treatment plant. The study suggests short-term measures such as targeted clean-up operations and stricter enforcement of pollution control regulations. Additionally, it recommends long-term strategies, including the development of a comprehensive river basin management plan, community engagement initiatives, and improvements to wastewater treatment infrastructure. To maintain the health of the Indrani River, this research emphasizes the importance of continuous monitoring and the implementation of integrated management practices.
由于各种原因，人工雨水泛滥在城市地区最为常见，比如排水系统不当、建筑施工阻碍自然排水以及雨水冲沟被侵占等。暴雨洪水会导致重大损失、扰乱交通并给公众带来不便。乌杜皮以其多孔的红土岩层、起伏的地形以及靠近大海为特征，在季风高峰期，其低洼地区会出现人工洪水，主要原因是因陀罗尼河泛滥，而该河也是卡纳塔克邦乌杜皮的潜在水资源。目前，由于人类活动增加，这条河面临着重大挑战。恢复因陀罗尼河的生机有诸多益处，包括在缺水时期用作饮用水源的潜力。本研究旨在为该河流域提出洪水和雨水管理措施，并评估沿河道15个战略位置选定的水质参数（pH值、溶解氧和电导率）。下游站点观测到的较高电导率归因于城市居民区和一家污水处理厂的污水排放。该研究提出了一些短期措施，如针对性的清理行动和更严格执行污染控制法规。此外，还建议了长期战略，包括制定全面的流域管理计划、社区参与举措以及改善污水处理基础设施。为了维护因陀罗尼河的健康，本研究强调持续监测和实施综合管理措施的重要性。
