College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2017 Jan;135:216-224. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.09.023. Epub 2016 Oct 13.
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) has been reported toxic to aquatic organisms, and it frequently occurs at relatively high concentrations in most Chinese waters due to the re-emergence of schistosomiasis since 2003. Several studies about Water Quality Criteria (WQC) for PCP had been performed to protect the aquatic ecosystem, but in most of these studies the toxicity data were not properly analyzed (e.g. screening and processing methods). Moreover, little study was carried out on the ecological risk assessment (ERA) based on environmental factors. In this study, through collecting published native toxicity data of PCP along with relationships between toxicity and pH, pH-dependent WQC was established using a standardized scientific statistical method in China. The Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC) and Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) were expressed as a function of pH. These were (1) CMC = exp(1.361×pH-8.034) and (2) CCC = exp(1.361×pH-10.434). At pH 7.8, the derived CMC and CCC were 13.21 and 1.20μg/L, respectively. In addition, four tiers of the ERA were conducted based on pH for different waterbodies at different seasons. In tiered 1, 2, 3 and 4 ERA, PCP exposure concentrations were standardized to that at pH 7.8. Results showed that all levels of ERA method in the tiered framework were consistent with each other, and the risks of PCP in Liaohe river of wet season, Taihu lake and Liaohe river of dry season increased successively. The Hazard quotient (HQ) method indicated that small fluctuations in pH would lead to misleading hazard results. PCP concentrations of 8.66μg/L at pH 7.37 in one site posed more risk than PCP of 9.57μg/L at pH 7.93 in another site. The joint probability suggested that ecological risks may exist 11.84% in the dry season and 1.51% in the wet season in Liaohe River, and 4.98% in Taihu Lake, respectively while 5% thresholds (HC) were set up to protect aquatic organisms. We hope this work could provide more information to manage and control PCP pollution in Taihe Lake and Liaohe River.
五氯酚（PCP）已被报道对水生生物具有毒性，由于 2003 年以来血吸虫病的再次出现，它在中国大多数水域经常以相对较高的浓度出现。已经进行了几项关于五氯酚水质标准（WQC）的研究，以保护水生生态系统，但在这些研究中，大多数都没有对毒性数据进行适当的分析（例如筛选和处理方法）。此外，基于环境因素的生态风险评估（ERA）研究很少。在这项研究中，通过收集发表的五氯酚的本地毒性数据以及毒性与 pH 值之间的关系，使用中国标准化科学统计方法建立了依赖 pH 值的 WQC。最大浓度标准（CMC）和连续浓度标准（CCC）表示为 pH 的函数。它们分别为（1）CMC = exp（1.361×pH-8.034）和（2）CCC = exp（1.361×pH-10.434）。在 pH 值为 7.8 时，推导的 CMC 和 CCC 分别为 13.21μg/L 和 1.20μg/L。此外，还根据不同季节不同水体的 pH 值进行了 ERA 的四个层次的评估。在分层 1、2、3 和 4 的 ERA 中，将 PCP 的暴露浓度标准化为 pH 值为 7.8。结果表明，分层框架内 ERA 方法的各个层次都相互一致，且辽河流域湿季、太湖和辽河流域干季的 PCP 风险依次增加。危害系数（HQ）方法表明，pH 值的小波动会导致危害结果产生误导。在一个地点，pH 值为 7.37 时浓度为 8.66μg/L 的 PCP 比另一个地点 pH 值为 7.93 时浓度为 9.57μg/L 的 PCP 更具风险。联合概率表明，在辽河流域干季和湿季，分别有 11.84%和 1.51%的生态风险可能存在，而在太湖，分别有 4.98%的生态风险可能存在，同时设定了 5%的阈值（HC）以保护水生生物。我们希望这项工作能为管理和控制太和湖和辽河流域的 PCP 污染提供更多信息。
