Koufakis Theocharis, Vlahakos Demetrios, Vlachopoulos Charalambos, Kallistratos Emmanouil, Kotsa Kalliopi, Liberopoulos Evangelos N, Stefanidis Ioannis, Hatziagelaki Erifili
Second Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Konstantinoupoleos 49 str., 54642, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2025 Aug 26. doi: 10.1007/s40256-025-00761-w.
Cardio-renal-metabolic (CRM) syndrome is an emerging nosological entity that reflects the interaction between metabolic risk factors, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disorders. In recent years, it has attracted particular interest, as it appears to be associated with a growing incidence of cardiovascular events, progression of kidney disease, and mortality. The fact that the syndrome has a complex pathophysiology, multiple risk factors, and deleterious effects on different organs and systems necessitates an interdisciplinary approach to its management. Pharmacological agents with positive effects on different components of CRM syndrome, such as sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, have recently been added to our pharmacological arsenal. However, these treatments are underprescribed and used at disproportionately low rates given the significant benefits they offer and the strong level of evidence supporting them, highlighting the need for greater vigilance among physicians regarding the recognition and treatment of the syndrome. This article provides recent data on the definition, pathophysiology, staging, and diagnosis of CRM syndrome and the holistic management of affected patients.
心肾代谢（CRM）综合征是一种新出现的疾病实体，反映了代谢危险因素、慢性肾脏病和心血管疾病之间的相互作用。近年来，它引起了特别关注，因为它似乎与心血管事件发生率上升、肾脏疾病进展和死亡率有关。该综合征具有复杂的病理生理学、多种危险因素以及对不同器官和系统的有害影响，这就需要采用跨学科方法来进行管理。对CRM综合征不同组分有积极作用的药物，如钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2抑制剂和胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂，最近已被纳入我们的药物库。然而，鉴于这些治疗带来的显著益处以及支持它们的有力证据水平，其处方量不足且使用率极低，这凸显了医生在识别和治疗该综合征方面需要提高警惕。本文提供了有关CRM综合征的定义、病理生理学、分期、诊断以及对受影响患者的整体管理的最新数据。
