Shan Zexing, Liu Fei
Department of Gastric Surgery, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, China.
Front Immunol. 2025 Aug 8;16:1611423. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1611423. eCollection 2025.
Melanoma is an exceptionally aggressive form of skin cancer, and its prognosis becomes dire once it metastasizes. Although substantial progress has been made in the field of immunotherapy, significant hurdles such as tumor cell immune evasion, the tumor microenvironment (TME), and immune-related adverse effects persist. Recent advancements in nanotechnology offer promising solutions to these challenges by enhancing targeting, stability, and delivery of immunotherapeutic agents. Nano-immunotherapy, which synergizes nanotechnology with immunotherapy, is evolving into a groundbreaking approach for melanoma treatment. Various nanoparticles, including liposomes, dendrimers, and polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs), are under investigation to boost immune responses, deliver immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and modulate the TME. These nanoparticles can be engineered for precise drug delivery, minimizing off-target effects and enhancing therapeutic outcomes. Moreover, the encapsulation of sensitive molecules such as cytokines, vaccines, and antibodies within nanoparticles ensures their stability and bioavailability. This review delves into the recent advancements in nano-immunotherapy for melanoma, emphasizing the mechanisms through which nanoparticles enhance immune activation and counteract the immunosuppressive TME. Additionally, we address the challenges of translating these nanomaterials into clinical settings, including optimizing nanoparticle design, ensuring safety, and achieving robust immune activation. This review provides a detailed examination of the current landscape and future potential of nano-immunotherapy as a promising strategy for melanoma treatment.
黑色素瘤是一种极具侵袭性的皮肤癌，一旦发生转移，其预后就会变得很严峻。尽管免疫治疗领域已经取得了重大进展，但诸如肿瘤细胞免疫逃逸、肿瘤微环境（TME）以及免疫相关不良反应等重大障碍仍然存在。纳米技术的最新进展通过增强免疫治疗药物的靶向性、稳定性和递送能力，为这些挑战提供了有前景的解决方案。将纳米技术与免疫治疗相结合的纳米免疫疗法，正在发展成为一种治疗黑色素瘤的开创性方法。包括脂质体、树枝状大分子和聚合物纳米颗粒（PNP）在内的各种纳米颗粒正在接受研究，以增强免疫反应、递送免疫检查点抑制剂（ICI）并调节肿瘤微环境。这些纳米颗粒可以被设计用于精确的药物递送，将脱靶效应降至最低并提高治疗效果。此外，将细胞因子、疫苗和抗体等敏感分子封装在纳米颗粒内可确保其稳定性和生物利用度。本综述深入探讨了黑色素瘤纳米免疫疗法的最新进展，强调了纳米颗粒增强免疫激活和对抗免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境的机制。此外，我们还讨论了将这些纳米材料转化为临床应用所面临的挑战，包括优化纳米颗粒设计、确保安全性以及实现强大的免疫激活。本综述详细审视了纳米免疫疗法作为一种有前景的黑色素瘤治疗策略的当前现状和未来潜力。
