Martuci Ricardo, Oliveira Susana João, Martuci Mateus, Reis-Campos José, Figueiral Maria Helena
Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal.
Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica, Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Itajubá 37500-903, Brazil.
Dent J (Basel). 2025 Aug 5;13(8):355. doi: 10.3390/dj13080355.
: The functionalization of various forms of graphene, such as graphene nanoplatelets, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide, in biomaterials is a promising strategy in dentistry, particularly regarding their antimicrobial potential. However, conclusive studies on the toxicity and biocompatibility of graphene-based materials remain limited, and standardized guidelines for their production, handling, and dental applications are still lacking. This scoping review aims to map the available studies on various types of graphene, synthesize evidence on their antimicrobial effectiveness, and describe the main biological responses when functionalized in dental biomaterials. : An electronic search was conducted in the Clarivate, PubMed, and Scopus databases using the descriptors as follows: 'graphene' AND 'antimicrobial effect' AND 'bactericidal effect' AND ('graphene oxide' OR 'dental biofilm' OR 'antibacterial properties' OR 'dental materials'). Article screening and eligibility assessment were performed based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. : The search identified 793 articles. After removing duplicates, applying the eligibility criteria, and performing a full-text analysis of 64 articles, 21 studies were included in the review. Graphene oxide, particularly at low concentrations, was the most commonly studied graphene variant, demonstrating significant antimicrobial efficacy against , , , , and . Both mechanical and chemical mechanisms have been linked to the biological responses of graphene-doped biomaterials. The biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of these compounds remain controversial, with some studies reporting favorable outcomes, while others raise significant concerns. : Graphene shows great promise as an antimicrobial agent in dental biomaterials. Despite encouraging results, more in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to better understand its biocompatibility and cytotoxicity in dental applications. Additionally, standardized production protocols, clearly defined clinical applications in dentistry, and regulatory guidelines from the World Health Organization concerning handling procedures and occupational risks remain necessary.
各种形式的石墨烯，如石墨烯纳米片、氧化石墨烯和还原氧化石墨烯，在生物材料中的功能化是牙科领域一种很有前景的策略，特别是在其抗菌潜力方面。然而，关于基于石墨烯的材料的毒性和生物相容性的确定性研究仍然有限，并且仍然缺乏关于其生产、处理和牙科应用的标准化指南。本综述旨在梳理关于各类石墨烯的现有研究，综合其抗菌效果的证据，并描述其在牙科生物材料中功能化时的主要生物学反应。：在科睿唯安、PubMed和Scopus数据库中进行了电子检索，使用的描述词如下：“石墨烯”与“抗菌作用”与“杀菌作用”与（“氧化石墨烯”或“牙科生物膜”或“抗菌性能”或“牙科材料”）。根据预先定义的纳入和排除标准，遵循PRISMA-ScR指南进行文章筛选和合格性评估。：检索共识别出793篇文章。在去除重复项、应用合格标准并对64篇文章进行全文分析后，21项研究被纳入本综述。氧化石墨烯，特别是低浓度时，是研究最广泛的石墨烯变体，对[此处原文未列出具体细菌名称]显示出显著的抗菌效果。机械和化学机制都与石墨烯掺杂生物材料的生物学反应有关。这些化合物的生物相容性和细胞毒性仍存在争议，一些研究报告了良好的结果，而另一些则引发了重大担忧。：石墨烯作为牙科生物材料中的抗菌剂显示出巨大的潜力。尽管取得了令人鼓舞的结果，但仍需要更多的体外和体内研究，以更好地了解其在牙科应用中的生物相容性和细胞毒性。此外，标准化的生产方案、牙科领域明确界定的临床应用以及世界卫生组织关于处理程序和职业风险的监管指南仍然是必要的。
