Microbial exopolysaccharides from extreme environments are increasingly becoming valuable candidates for drug development. In this study, four fractions named XL-1, XMRS-1, XL-1-D, and XMRS-1-D were isolated and purified from the hadal bacterium by column chromatography. The structural features of these fractions were characterized by molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum, amino acid analysis and NMR. The results showed that XL-1 and XMRS-1 were mainly composed of mannose, glucose, and glucosamine, while XL-1-D and XMRS-1-D were mainly composed of mannose. In vitro bioactivity assays demonstrated that all four fractions significantly enhanced RAW264.7 macrophage proliferation and phagocytosis, stimulated nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and induced the secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA. Moreover, plate cloning tests, cell scratch tests, and apoptosis assays, along with RT-qPCR analysis, demonstrated that the four fractions significantly inhibited A549 cells' proliferation. Specifically, XMRS-1 and XMRS-1-D upregulated Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-8, and Caspase-9, while downregulating Bcl-2, suggesting transcriptional activation of apoptosis-related pathways. These results offered a reference for the further development and utilization of this hadal bacterium in the future.