Afonso Pedro, Forte Pedro, Branquinho Luís, Ferraz Ricardo, Garrido Nuno Domingos, Teixeira José Eduardo
Biosciences Higher School of Elvas, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal.
Department of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
Sports (Basel). 2025 Jul 25;13(8):244. doi: 10.3390/sports13080244.
Football performance results from the dynamic interaction between physical, tactical, technical, and psychological dimensions-each of which also influences player well-being, recovery, and readiness. However, integrated monitoring approaches remain scarce, particularly in youth and sub-elite contexts. This systematic review screened 341 records from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, with 46 studies meeting the inclusion criteria ( = 1763 players; age range: 13.2-28.7 years). Physical external load was reported in 44 studies using GPS-derived metrics such as total distance and high-speed running, while internal load was examined in 36 studies through session-RPE (rate of perceived exertion × duration), heart rate zones, training impulse (TRIMP), and Player Load (PL). A total of 22 studies included well-being indicators capturing fatigue, sleep quality, stress levels, and muscle soreness, through tools such as the Hooper Index (HI), the Total Quality Recovery (TQR) scale, and various Likert-type or composite wellness scores. Tactical behaviours ( = 15) were derived from positional tracking systems, while technical performance ( = 7) was assessed using metrics like pass accuracy and expected goals, typically obtained from Wyscout or TRACAB (a multi-camera optical tracking system). Only five studies employed multivariate models to examine interactions between performance domains or to predict well-being outcomes. Most remained observational, relying on descriptive analyses and examining each domain in isolation. These findings reveal a fragmented approach to player monitoring and a lack of conceptual integration between physical, psychological, tactical, and technical indicators. Future research should prioritise multidimensional, standardised monitoring frameworks that combine contextual, psychophysiological, and performance data to improve applied decision-making and support player health, particularly in sub-elite and youth populations.
足球表现源于身体、战术、技术和心理维度之间的动态相互作用,其中每个维度也会影响球员的健康、恢复和准备状态。然而,综合监测方法仍然很少,尤其是在青少年和次精英层面。本系统综述检索了来自PubMed、Scopus和Web of Science的341条记录,其中46项研究符合纳入标准(n = 1763名球员;年龄范围:13.2 - 28.7岁)。44项研究使用GPS得出的指标(如总距离和高速奔跑)报告了身体外部负荷,而36项研究通过训练主观用力程度(session - RPE,主观用力程度×持续时间)、心率区间、训练冲量(TRIMP)和球员负荷(PL)来研究内部负荷。共有22项研究纳入了通过诸如胡珀指数(HI)、全面恢复质量(TQR)量表以及各种李克特式或综合健康评分等工具来衡量疲劳、睡眠质量、压力水平和肌肉酸痛的健康指标。战术行为(n = 15)来自位置跟踪系统,而技术表现(n = 7)则使用传球准确率和预期进球等指标进行评估,这些指标通常来自Wyscout或TRACAB(一种多摄像头光学跟踪系统)。只有五项研究采用多变量模型来检验表现领域之间的相互作用或预测健康结果。大多数研究仍为观察性研究,依赖描述性分析且孤立地考察每个领域。这些发现揭示了球员监测方法的碎片化以及身体、心理、战术和技术指标之间缺乏概念整合。未来的研究应优先考虑多维、标准化的监测框架,将情境、心理生理和表现数据结合起来,以改善实际决策并支持球员健康,特别是在次精英和青少年群体中。