Akinmoladun Oluwakamisi F, Fon Fabia N, Nji Queenta, Adeniji Oluwaseun O, Tangni Emmanuel K, Njobeh Patrick B
Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, Gauteng, South Africa.
Department of Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
Toxins (Basel). 2025 Jul 25;17(8):365. doi: 10.3390/toxins17080365.
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by various fungi that contaminate livestock feed, posing serious threats to animal health, productivity, and food safety. Although historical research has often examined individual mycotoxins in isolation, real-world conditions typically involve the simultaneous presence of multiple mycotoxins, resulting in additive or synergistic toxic effects that are often more severe than those observed with single toxin exposures. This review comprehensively synthesizes recent findings on multi-mycotoxin contamination in livestock feed, highlighting their physiological effects, mechanisms of action, and implications for regulatory frameworks. Multi-mycotoxin interactions exacerbate oxidative stress, immune suppression, impaired reproduction, and organ damage across species, leading to reduced growth performance, decreased milk and egg production, compromised carcass and wool quality, and increased mortality rates. A major concern is that current international regulatory standards mainly address individual mycotoxins, overlooking the compounded risks of co-occurrence. Global surveillance studies consistently reveal high prevalence rates of mycotoxin mixtures in feedstuffs, especially combinations involving DON, ZEN, AFB, FB, and OTA. Understanding these interactions and their underlying cellular mechanisms is critical for improving risk assessment models, formulating integrated mitigation strategies, and safeguarding both livestock productivity and human food security.
霉菌毒素是由各种真菌产生的有毒次级代谢产物，它们会污染牲畜饲料，对动物健康、生产力和食品安全构成严重威胁。尽管以往的研究常常孤立地研究单一霉菌毒素，但实际情况通常是多种霉菌毒素同时存在，从而产生相加或协同的毒性作用，这些作用往往比单一毒素暴露所观察到的更为严重。本综述全面综合了近期关于牲畜饲料中多霉菌毒素污染的研究结果，重点阐述了它们的生理效应、作用机制以及对监管框架的影响。多霉菌毒素相互作用会加剧氧化应激、免疫抑制、繁殖功能受损以及跨物种的器官损伤，导致生长性能下降、牛奶和鸡蛋产量减少、胴体和羊毛质量受损以及死亡率上升。一个主要问题是，当前的国际监管标准主要针对单一霉菌毒素，忽视了同时存在的复合风险。全球监测研究一直表明，饲料中霉菌毒素混合物的检出率很高，尤其是涉及脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）、黄曲霉毒素B（AFB）、伏马菌素（FB）和赭曲霉毒素A（OTA）的组合。了解这些相互作用及其潜在的细胞机制对于改进风险评估模型、制定综合缓解策略以及保障牲畜生产力和人类食品安全至关重要。
