Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland.
Molecules. 2021 Jan 16;26(2):454. doi: 10.3390/molecules26020454.
Trichothecene mycotoxins are sesquiterpenoid compounds primarily produced by fungi in taxonomical genera such as , , , and others, under specific climatic conditions on a worldwide basis. mold is a major plant pathogen and produces a number of trichothecene mycotoxins including deoxynivalenol (or vomitoxin), nivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, and T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin. Monogastrics are sensitive to vomitoxin, while poultry and ruminants appear to be less sensitive to some trichothecenes through microbial metabolism of trichothecenes in the gastrointestinal tract. Trichothecene mycotoxins occur worldwide however both total concentrations and the particular mix of toxins present vary with environmental conditions. Proper agricultural practices such as avoiding late harvests, removing overwintered stubble from fields, and avoiding a corn/wheat rotation that favors growth in residue can reduce trichothecene contamination of grains. Due to the vague nature of toxic effects attributed to low concentrations of trichothecenes, a solid link between low level exposure and a specific trichothecene is difficult to establish. Multiple factors, such as nutrition, management, and environmental conditions impact animal health and need to be evaluated with the knowledge of the mycotoxin and concentrations known to cause adverse health effects. Future research evaluating the impact of low-level exposure on livestock may clarify the potential impact on immunity. Trichothecenes are rapidly excreted from animals, and residues in edible tissues, milk, or eggs are likely negligible. In chronic exposures to trichothecenes, once the contaminated feed is removed and exposure stopped, animals generally have an excellent prognosis for recovery. This review shows the occurrence of trichothecenes in food and feed in 2011-2020 and their toxic effects and provides a summary of the discussions on the potential public health concerns specifically related to trichothecenes residues in foods associated with the exposure of farm animals to mycotoxin-contaminated feeds and impact to human health. Moreover, the article discusses the methods of their detection.
单端孢霉烯族毒素是一种倍半萜烯化合物，主要由真菌在全球范围内的特定气候条件下在分类学属如 、 、 等中产生。 霉菌是一种主要的植物病原体，产生多种单端孢霉烯族毒素，包括脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（或呕吐毒素）、玉米赤霉烯酮、二醋酸藨草镰刀菌烯醇和 T-2 毒素、HT-2 毒素。单胃动物对呕吐毒素敏感，而家禽和反刍动物通过胃肠道中单端孢霉烯族毒素的微生物代谢似乎对某些单端孢霉烯族毒素不太敏感。单端孢霉烯族毒素在全球范围内存在，但总浓度和存在的毒素混合物因环境条件而异。适当的农业实践，如避免晚收、清除田间越冬残茬，以及避免有利于 生长的玉米/小麦轮作，都可以减少谷物中单端孢霉烯族毒素的污染。由于低浓度单端孢霉烯族毒素引起的毒性作用性质模糊，因此很难确定低水平暴露与特定单端孢霉烯族毒素之间的联系。营养、管理和环境条件等多种因素会影响动物的健康，需要在了解已知会引起不良健康影响的霉菌毒素和浓度的情况下进行评估。未来评估低水平暴露对牲畜影响的研究可能会阐明其对免疫力的潜在影响。单端孢霉烯族毒素在动物体内迅速排泄，食用组织、牛奶或鸡蛋中的残留量可能微不足道。在慢性暴露于单端孢霉烯族毒素的情况下，一旦停止污染饲料的摄入，动物通常会有很好的恢复前景。这篇综述展示了 2011-2020 年食品和饲料中单端孢霉烯族毒素的存在及其毒性作用，并对与动物暴露于受霉菌毒素污染的饲料相关的食品中单端孢霉烯族毒素残留对人类健康的潜在公共卫生关注问题进行了讨论和总结。此外，本文还讨论了它们的检测方法。
