Comparative Analysis of Testicular Transcriptional and Translational Landscapes in Yak and Cattle-Yak: Implications for Hybrid Male Sterility.

Cattle-yak, a hybrid of yak and cattle, exhibits significant heterosis but male infertility, hindering heterosis fixation. Although extensive research has been conducted on transcriptional mechanisms in the testes of cattle-yak, the understanding of their translational landscape remains limited. In this study, we characterized the translational landscape of yak and cattle-yak based on Ribo-seq technology integrated with RNA-seq data. The results revealed that gene expression was not fully concordant between transcriptional and translational levels, whereas cattle-yak testes exhibited a stronger correlation across these two regulatory layers. Notably, genes that were differentially expressed at the translational level only (, , and ) were mainly involved in meiosis. A total of 4,236 genes with different translation efficiencies (TEs) were identified, and the TEs of most of the genes gradually decreased as the mRNA expression level increased. Further research revealed that genes with higher TE had a shorter coding sequence (CDS) length, lower GC content, and higher normalized minimum free energy in the testes of yaks, but this characteristic was not found in cattle-yaks. We also identified upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in yak and cattle-yak testes, and the sequence characteristics of translated uORFs and untranslated uORFs were markedly different. In addition, we identified several short polypeptides that may play potential roles in spermatogenesis. In summary, our study uncovers distinct translational dysregulations in cattle-yak testes, particularly affecting meiosis, which provides novel insights into the mechanisms of spermatogenesis and male infertility in hybrids.