Anik Tasnimul Arabi, Uzzaman Rahat, Rahman Khandaker Toyabur, Hossain Abir, Islam Faruk, Tasnim Mosammod Nowshin, Begum Shahin Ara, Akhter Humaira, Begum Anowara
Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
Laboratory Medicine, Green Life Hospital Ltd., Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh.
Antibiotics (Basel). 2025 Aug 20;14(8):842. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics14080842.
: Four of the six ESKAPE pathogens are responsible for a majority of antimicrobial resistance (AMR)-related deaths worldwide. Identifying the pathogens that evade antibiotic treatments more efficiently than others can help diagnose pathogens requiring more attention. The study was thus designed to evaluate the biofilm and resistance properties of five ESKAPE pathogens comparatively. A total of 165 clinical isolates of 5 ESKAPE pathogen species (, , , , and ) were collected from a tertiary hospital in Bangladesh. : Following secondary identification, antibiotic susceptibility was determined by the disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration. The biofilm formation was determined by the microtiter plate biofilm formation assay. The biofilm-forming genes were screened by PCR. Detection of carbapenemase and Metallo-β-lactamase was performed by the modified carbapenem inactivation method (mCIM) and the EDTA-modified carbapenem inactivation method (eCIM) test, respectively. : Among Gram-positive isolates, exhibited higher multi-drug resistance (MDR) rates (90%) compared to (10%). In Gram-negative isolates, and showed elevated resistance to carbapenems (74.29% and 45.71%, respectively), cephalosporins, and β-lactam inhibitors, while demonstrated relatively lower resistance. Colistin resistance was highest in (42.86%). Biofilm formation was prevalent, with 88.5% of isolates forming biofilms, including 15.8% strong biofilm producers. Notably, and exhibited higher biofilm-forming capabilities compared to . A significant correlation was observed between biofilm formation and resistance to carbapenems, cephalosporins, and piperacillin/tazobactam ( < 0.05), suggesting a potential role of biofilms in disseminating resistance to these antibiotics. Carbapenemase production was detected in 23.8% of Gram-negative isolates, with showing the highest prevalence (34.3%). Additionally, 45.8% of carbapenemase producers expressed Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs). Among isolates, 46.7% carried the gene, confirming methicillin resistance (MRSA), while 20% of isolates exhibited vancomycin resistance, primarily mediated by the gene. : These findings can help pinpoint the pathogens of significant threat.
六种ESKAPE病原体中的四种导致了全球大多数与抗菌药物耐药性（AMR）相关的死亡。识别那些比其他病原体更能有效逃避抗生素治疗的病原体，有助于诊断需要更多关注的病原体。因此，本研究旨在比较评估五种ESKAPE病原体的生物膜和耐药特性。从孟加拉国一家三级医院收集了总共165株5种ESKAPE病原体（ 、 、 、 和 ）的临床分离株。：经过二次鉴定后，采用纸片扩散法和最低抑菌浓度法测定抗生素敏感性。通过微量滴定板生物膜形成试验测定生物膜形成情况。通过聚合酶链反应（PCR）筛选生物膜形成基因。分别采用改良碳青霉烯灭活法（mCIM）和乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）改良碳青霉烯灭活法（eCIM）检测碳青霉烯酶和金属β-内酰胺酶。：在革兰氏阳性分离株中， 表现出比 更高的多重耐药（MDR）率（90%对10%）。在革兰氏阴性分离株中， 和 对碳青霉烯类药物表现出较高的耐药性（分别为74.29%和45.71%）、对头孢菌素和β-内酰胺酶抑制剂也有较高耐药性，而 表现出相对较低的耐药性。黏菌素耐药性在 中最高（42.86%）。生物膜形成普遍存在，88.5%的分离株形成生物膜，其中15.8%为强生物膜产生菌。值得注意的是， 与 相比表现出更高的生物膜形成能力。观察到生物膜形成与对碳青霉烯类药物、头孢菌素和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药性之间存在显著相关性（ < 0.05），表明生物膜在传播对这些抗生素的耐药性方面可能发挥作用。在23.8%的革兰氏阴性分离株中检测到碳青霉烯酶产生，其中 患病率最高（34.3%）。此外，45.8%的碳青霉烯酶产生菌表达金属β-内酰胺酶（MBLs）。在 分离株中，46.7%携带 基因，证实为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA），而20%的 分离株表现出万古霉素耐药性，主要由 基因介导。：这些发现有助于确定具有重大威胁的病原体。
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