Atalell Kendalem Asmare, Pereira Gavin, Duko Bereket, Nyadanu Sylvester Dodzi, Tessema Gizachew A
Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar 196, Ethiopia.
Children (Basel). 2025 Aug 20;12(8):1096. doi: 10.3390/children12081096.
Adverse early childhood developmental outcomes across physical, cognitive, language, communication, and socioemotional domains are major global health concerns. This systematic review aimed to synthesise perinatal and childhood risk factors using a socioecological model. We searched six databases for cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies published between January 2000 and January 2024. Studies reporting risk factors for adverse developmental outcomes were included. Findings were organised across individual, interpersonal, community, and societal levels using a socioecological model. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023447352). A total of 175 studies were included. Individual-level risk factors, including preterm birth, low birth weight, male sex, chronic illness, undernutrition, and excessive screen use, were associated with adverse developmental outcomes, while exclusive breastfeeding, reading books, and storytelling were protective factors. Interpersonal risks included maternal age, education, mental health, and pregnancy complications. Community and societal risks include environmental pollution, access to education, conflict, and healthcare access. Improving early childhood developmental outcomes may require intervention at multiple levels. Future studies may need to focus on the influence of culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds and environmental exposures on early childhood developmental outcomes.
幼儿在身体、认知、语言、沟通和社会情感领域出现的不良发育结果是全球主要的健康问题。本系统综述旨在使用社会生态模型综合围产期和儿童期的风险因素。我们检索了六个数据库，查找2000年1月至2024年1月发表的队列研究、病例对照研究和横断面研究。纳入报告不良发育结果风险因素的研究。使用社会生态模型在个体、人际、社区和社会层面整理研究结果。该方案已在国际前瞻性系统评价注册库（PROSPERO）注册（注册号：CRD42023447352）。共纳入175项研究。个体层面的风险因素，包括早产、低出生体重、男性、慢性病、营养不良和过度使用电子设备，与不良发育结果相关，而纯母乳喂养、读书和讲故事则是保护因素。人际风险包括母亲年龄、教育程度、心理健康和妊娠并发症。社区和社会风险包括环境污染、受教育机会、冲突和医疗保健可及性。改善幼儿发育结果可能需要在多个层面进行干预。未来的研究可能需要关注文化和语言背景多样以及环境暴露对幼儿发育结果的影响。
