Wang Yi, Lin Enkai, Wang Ze, Feng Tong, Xie An
Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications of Fujian Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China.
National Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, National Engineering Research, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
Gels. 2025 Jul 23;11(8):568. doi: 10.3390/gels11080568.
Electrochromic (EC) devices are gaining increasing attention for next-generation smart windows and low-power displays due to their reversible color modulation, low operating voltage, and flexible form factors. Recently, electrochromic energy storage devices (EESDs) have emerged as a promising class of multifunctional systems, enabling simultaneous energy storage and real-time visual monitoring. In this study, we report a flexible dual-functional EESD constructed using polyaniline (PANI) films doped with anthraquinone-1-sulfonic acid sodium salt (AQS), coupled with a redox-active PVA-based gel electrolyte also incorporating AQS. The incorporation of AQS into both the polymer matrix and the gel electrolyte introduces synergistic redox activity, facilitating bidirectional Faradaic reactions at the film-electrolyte interface and within the bulk gel phase. The resulting vertically aligned PANI-AQS nanoneedle films provide high surface area and efficient ion pathways, while the AQS-doped gel electrolyte contributes to enhanced ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability. The device exhibits rapid and reversible color switching from light green to deep black (within 2 s), along with a high areal capacitance of 194.2 mF·cm at 1 mA·cm and 72.1% capacitance retention over 5000 cycles-representing a 31.5% improvement over undoped systems. These results highlight the critical role of redox-functionalized gel electrolytes in enhancing both the energy storage and optical performance of EESDs, offering a scalable strategy for multifunctional, gel-based electrochemical systems in wearable and smart electronics.
由于具有可逆颜色调制、低工作电压和灵活的外形尺寸，电致变色（EC）器件在下一代智能窗户和低功耗显示器方面越来越受到关注。最近，电致变色储能器件（EESD）已成为一类很有前景的多功能系统，能够实现同时储能和实时视觉监测。在本研究中，我们报道了一种柔性双功能EESD，它由掺杂有蒽醌-1-磺酸钠盐（AQS）的聚苯胺（PANI）薄膜构建而成，并与一种也含有AQS的基于聚乙烯醇（PVA）的氧化还原活性凝胶电解质相结合。将AQS同时引入聚合物基体和凝胶电解质中引入了协同氧化还原活性，促进了在薄膜-电解质界面以及本体凝胶相内的双向法拉第反应。由此产生的垂直排列的PANI-AQS纳米针薄膜提供了高表面积和高效的离子通道，而掺杂AQS的凝胶电解质有助于提高离子电导率和电化学稳定性。该器件表现出从浅绿色到深黑色的快速可逆颜色切换（在2秒内），在1 mA·cm²时具有194.2 mF·cm²的高面积电容，并且在5000次循环中电容保持率为72.1%，比未掺杂的系统提高了31.5%。这些结果突出了氧化还原功能化凝胶电解质在增强EESD的储能和光学性能方面的关键作用，为可穿戴和智能电子产品中的多功能凝胶基电化学系统提供了一种可扩展的策略。
