Hassanine Nada N A M, Saleh Ahmed A, Essa Mohamed Osman Abdalrahem, Adam Saber Y, Mohai Ud Din Raza, Rehman Shahab Ur, Ali Rahmat, Husien Hosameldeen Mohamed, Wang Mengzhi
College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Aug 8;26(16):7688. doi: 10.3390/ijms26167688.
This review synthesizes advances in livestock genomics by examining the interplay between candidate genes, molecular markers (MMs), signatures of selection (SSs), and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in shaping economically vital traits across livestock species. By integrating advances in genomics, bioinformatics, and precision breeding, the study elucidates genetic mechanisms underlying productivity, reproduction, meat quality, milk yield, fibre characteristics, disease resistance, and climate resilience traits pivotal to meeting the projected 70% surge in global animal product demand by 2050. A critical synthesis of 1455 peer-reviewed studies reveals that targeted genetic markers (e.g., SNPs, ) and QTL regions (e.g., for muscle development, for milk composition) enable precise selection for superior phenotypes. SSs, identified through genome-wide scans and haplotype-based analyses, provide insights into domestication history, adaptive evolution, and breed-specific traits, such as heat tolerance in tropical cattle or parasite resistance in sheep. Functional candidate genes, including leptin () for feed efficiency and myostatin () for double-muscling, are highlighted as drivers of genetic gain in breeding programs. The review underscores the transformative role of high-throughput sequencing, genome-wide association studies (GWASs), and CRISPR-based editing in accelerating trait discovery and validation. However, challenges persist, such as gene interactions, genotype-environment interactions, and ethical concerns over genetic diversity loss. By advocating for a multidisciplinary framework that merges genomic data with phenomics, metabolomics, and advanced biostatistics, this work serves as a guide for researchers, breeders, and policymakers. For example, incorporating markers into dairy cattle programs could elevate milk fat content by 15-20%, directly improving farm profitability. The current analysis underscores the need to harmonize high-yield breeding with ethical practices, such as conserving heat-tolerant cattle breeds, like Sahiwal.
本综述通过研究候选基因、分子标记（MMs）、选择信号（SSs）和数量性状基因座（QTLs）在塑造家畜物种经济重要性状方面的相互作用，综合了家畜基因组学的进展。通过整合基因组学、生物信息学和精准育种方面的进展，该研究阐明了生产力、繁殖力、肉质、产奶量、纤维特性、抗病性和气候适应力等性状背后的遗传机制，这些性状对于满足到2050年全球动物产品需求预计增长70%至关重要。对1455项同行评审研究的关键综合分析表明，靶向遗传标记（如单核苷酸多态性，SNPs）和QTL区域（如用于肌肉发育的区域、用于乳成分的区域）能够实现对优良表型的精确选择。通过全基因组扫描和基于单倍型的分析确定的选择信号，为驯化历史、适应性进化以及特定品种性状提供了见解，比如热带牛的耐热性或绵羊的抗寄生虫性。功能性候选基因，包括用于饲料效率的瘦素（leptin）和用于双肌性状的肌肉生长抑制素（myostatin），被强调为育种计划中遗传增益的驱动因素。该综述强调了高通量测序、全基因组关联研究（GWASs）和基于CRISPR的编辑在加速性状发现和验证方面的变革性作用。然而，挑战依然存在，如基因相互作用、基因型 - 环境相互作用以及对遗传多样性丧失的伦理担忧。通过倡导将基因组数据与表型组学、代谢组学和先进生物统计学相结合的多学科框架，这项工作为研究人员、育种者和政策制定者提供了指导。例如，将分子标记纳入奶牛育种计划可使乳脂含量提高15 - 20%，直接提高农场盈利能力。当前分析强调了将高产育种与道德实践相协调的必要性，如保护耐热牛品种，如萨希瓦尔牛。
