Budziński Bartosz, Federowicz Karol
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland.
Materials (Basel). 2025 Aug 13;18(16):3794. doi: 10.3390/ma18163794.
This study explores the feasibility of using 3D printing technology to fabricate reference materials for validating compressive strength measurements in construction laboratories. Polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified (PETG) were selected due to their widespread availability and use in fused deposition modeling (FDM). A series of cubic samples with varying infill levels and dimensions were printed and tested to evaluate the influence of infill density, temperature, and storage time on compressive strength. PLA samples exhibited higher compressive strength values (from 23.5 kN for 10% infill to 70.7 kN for 50% infill) and a steeper increase in strength with rising infill density compared to PETG (from 12.4 kN for 10% infill to 44.1 kN for 50% infill). However, PETG demonstrated superior stability over time, with significantly smaller increases in result variability after 31 days. The results confirm a strong linear correlation between infill level and compressive strength and indicate that even small fluctuations in ambient temperature can influence test outcomes. Despite PLA's initial mechanical advantage, PETG's aging resistance makes it a promising candidate for the development of durable and repeatable reference materials (increment of StD for PLA from 0.17 kN to 0.63 kN and 0.25 kN to 0.37 for PET-G). This research contributes to closing the gap in the availability of reliable mechanical reference materials for destructive testing, offering a novel application for 3D printing in quality control in civil engineering.
本研究探讨了使用3D打印技术制造参考材料以验证建筑实验室抗压强度测量的可行性。选择聚乳酸（PLA）和聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯改性（PETG）是因为它们在熔融沉积建模（FDM）中广泛可得且使用。打印并测试了一系列具有不同填充水平和尺寸的立方体样品，以评估填充密度、温度和储存时间对抗压强度的影响。与PETG相比，PLA样品表现出更高的抗压强度值（从10%填充时的23.5 kN到50%填充时的70.7 kN），并且随着填充密度的增加强度增长更为陡峭（从10%填充时的12.4 kN到50%填充时的44.1 kN）。然而，PETG随时间表现出更好的稳定性，在31天后结果变异性的增加明显更小。结果证实了填充水平与抗压强度之间存在强线性相关性，并表明即使环境温度的微小波动也会影响测试结果。尽管PLA具有初始机械优势，但PETG的抗老化性能使其成为开发耐用且可重复的参考材料的有前途的候选材料（PLA的标准偏差增量从0.17 kN增加到0.63 kN，PET - G从0.25 kN增加到0.37 kN）。本研究有助于缩小用于破坏性测试的可靠机械参考材料可用性方面的差距，为3D打印在土木工程质量控制中的应用提供了新的途径。
