Kaptan Arslan
Motor Vehicles and Transportation Technologies Department, Sivas Technical Sciences Vocational School, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey.
Polymers (Basel). 2025 Jun 12;17(12):1637. doi: 10.3390/polym17121637.
Additive manufacturing (AM), particularly fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing, has emerged as a versatile and accessible technology for prototyping and functional part production across a wide range of industrial applications. One of the critical performance-limiting factors in AM is the chemical resistance of thermoplastic materials, which directly influences their structural integrity, durability, and suitability in chemically aggressive environments. This study systematically investigates the chemical resistance of eight different widely utilized FDM filaments-acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA), polyamide (PA, Nylon), polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), polylactic acid (PLA), polypropylene (PP), and polyvinyl butyral (PVB)-by examining their tensile strength and impact resistance after immersion in representative chemical agents: distilled water, ethanol (99.5%), isopropyl alcohol (75% and 99%), acetic acid (8%), hydrochloric acid (37%), hydrogen peroxide (30%), and acetone (99.5%). Quantitative mechanical testing was conducted in accordance with ASTM D638 and ASTM D256 standards, and statistical variability was accounted for using triplicate measurements with standard deviation analysis. The results reveal that PP exhibits the highest chemical resilience, retaining over 97% of its mechanical properties even after 7 days of immersion in aggressive solvents like acetone. PETG and ASA also demonstrated quite successful stability (>90% retention) in mildly corrosive environments such as alcohols and weak acids. In contrast, PLA, due to its low crystallinity and polar ester backbone, and PVB, due to its high amorphous content, showed substantial degradation: tensile strength losses exceeding 70% and impact resistance dropping below 20% in acetone. Moderate resistance was observed in ABS and PC, which maintained structural properties in neutral or weakly reactive conditions but suffered mechanical deterioration (>50% loss) in solvent-rich media. A strong correlation (r > 0.95) between tensile and impact strength reduction was found for most materials, indicating that chemical attack affects both static and dynamic mechanical performance uniformly. The findings of this study provide a robust framework for selecting appropriate 3D printing materials in applications exposed to solvents, acids, or oxidizing agents. PP is recommended for harsh chemical environments; PETG and ASA are suitable for moderate exposure scenarios, whereas PLA and PVB should be limited to low-risk, esthetic, or disposable applications.
增材制造（AM），尤其是熔融沉积建模（FDM）3D打印，已成为一种通用且易于使用的技术，可用于广泛工业应用中的原型制作和功能部件生产。增材制造中一个关键的性能限制因素是热塑性材料的耐化学性，它直接影响材料在化学侵蚀性环境中的结构完整性、耐久性和适用性。本研究系统地研究了八种不同的广泛使用的FDM长丝——丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯（ABS）、丙烯腈苯乙烯丙烯酸酯（ASA）、聚酰胺（PA，尼龙）、聚碳酸酯（PC）、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PETG）、聚乳酸（PLA）、聚丙烯（PP）和聚乙烯醇缩丁醛（PVB）——在浸入代表性化学试剂（蒸馏水、乙醇（99.5%）、异丙醇（75%和99%）、乙酸（8%）、盐酸（37%）、过氧化氢（30%）和丙酮（99.5%））后的拉伸强度和抗冲击性。根据ASTM D638和ASTM D256标准进行定量力学测试，并通过重复测量和标准偏差分析来考虑统计变异性。结果表明，PP表现出最高的化学弹性，即使在丙酮等侵蚀性溶剂中浸泡7天后，仍能保持超过97%的机械性能。PETG和ASA在醇类和弱酸等轻度腐蚀性环境中也表现出相当成功的稳定性（保留率>90%）。相比之下，PLA由于其低结晶度和极性酯主链，以及PVB由于其高非晶含量，表现出显著降解：在丙酮中拉伸强度损失超过70%，抗冲击性降至20%以下。ABS和PC表现出中等抗性，它们在中性或弱反应条件下保持结构性能，但在富溶剂介质中机械性能恶化（损失>50%）。大多数材料的拉伸强度和抗冲击强度降低之间存在很强的相关性（r>0.95），表明化学侵蚀对静态和动态机械性能的影响是均匀的。本研究结果为在暴露于溶剂、酸或氧化剂的应用中选择合适的3D打印材料提供了一个有力的框架。对于苛刻的化学环境，建议使用PP；PETG和ASA适用于中等暴露场景，而PLA和PVB应仅限于低风险、美观或一次性应用。
