Binary Mixtures of Essential Oils: Potent Housefly Adulticides That Are Safe Against Non-Target Species.

In this study, we investigated the insecticidal potential of Labill. and Stapf essential oils (EOs), both alone and in synergistic blends with their primary active compounds, against adult houseflies ( L.). Toxicity assessments were also conducted on non-target organisms-dwarf honeybees ( Fabricius) and guppies ( Peters)-to evaluate environmental safety. All binary EO mixtures demonstrated superior efficacy compared to individual EOs and the synthetic pyrethroid -cypermethrin (1% positive control). The most potent formulation, combining 2.5% (/) geranial with 2.5% (/) EO, exhibited a synergistic effect, achieving complete fly mortality (LT: 0.06 h). This mixture's mortality index significantly exceeded those of single-component formulations, with a mortality index of 0.22, confirming greater toxicity to flies than -cypermethrin. Importantly, all the tested EOs and their blends were non-toxic to honeybees and guppies; in comparison, -cypermethrin caused significant harm. These findings highlight the 2.5% (/) geranial + 2.5% (/) EO blend as a highly effective and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional insecticides. Further research is recommended to optimize its formulation for practical use in sustainable fly management.