Boranbayeva Togzhan, Dossimova Zhanna, Zhalelov Dulat, Zhunisbek Aruzhan, Bolat Ayazhan, Toishimanov Maxat
Technology and Food Safety Department, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, 050010 Almaty, Kazakhstan.
Reference Laboratory of Dairy Products, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, 050010 Almaty, Kazakhstan.
Foods. 2025 Aug 19;14(16):2880. doi: 10.3390/foods14162880.
This study investigated the effects of lactation period, foaling month and number, mare age, and regional factors on the quality parameters, amino acid composition, fatty acid profile, and nutritional indices of Kazakh mare's milk under pasture conditions. A total of 240 milk samples were collected from Almaty and Zhambyl regions during the summer and autumn lactation periods. Standard physicochemical analyses determined fat, protein, casein, TS, and SNF contents, while amino acids were quantified via HPLC and fatty acids by GC. Significant seasonal differences were observed: summer milk contained higher PUFA (18.29%) and n-3 (5.71%) levels and exhibited lower SFA and AI values, indicating superior nutritional quality. Milk from younger mares (4 to 6 years) showed elevated essential amino acids and better lipid health indices compared to older mares. Zhambyl region samples had higher unsaturated fatty acids and SNF, while Almaty milk exhibited higher SFA and casein content. Amino acid profiling revealed that summer milk was enriched in glutamic acid, aspartic acid, serine, and histidine, whereas autumn milk contained more valine, leucine, methionine, and cysteine. PCA revealed distinct clustering based on season, mare age, and foaling period, confirming their substantial roles in shaping milk composition. These findings highlight that mare age, lactation period, and foaling timing significantly affect the nutritional quality of the mare's milk. These results provide valuable insights for optimizing milk production and kumys fermentation strategies under traditional pasture-based systems.
本研究调查了泌乳期、产驹月份和数量、母马年龄以及区域因素对放牧条件下哈萨克母马乳的质量参数、氨基酸组成、脂肪酸谱和营养指标的影响。在夏季和秋季泌乳期，从阿拉木图和江布尔地区共采集了240份乳样。通过标准理化分析测定脂肪、蛋白质、酪蛋白、总固体和非脂乳固体含量，同时采用高效液相色谱法定量氨基酸，气相色谱法定量脂肪酸。观察到显著的季节差异：夏季乳中多不饱和脂肪酸（18.29%）和n-3（5.71%）水平较高，饱和脂肪酸和动脉硬化指数值较低，表明营养质量更优。与老年母马相比，年轻母马（4至6岁）的乳中必需氨基酸含量升高，脂质健康指标更好。江布尔地区的样品不饱和脂肪酸和非脂乳固体含量较高，而阿拉木图的乳饱和脂肪酸和酪蛋白含量较高。氨基酸谱分析显示，夏季乳富含谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、丝氨酸和组氨酸，而秋季乳含有更多缬氨酸、亮氨酸、蛋氨酸和半胱氨酸。主成分分析揭示了基于季节、母马年龄和产驹期的明显聚类，证实了它们在塑造乳成分方面的重要作用。这些发现突出表明，母马年龄、泌乳期和产驹时间显著影响母马乳的营养质量。这些结果为优化传统放牧系统下的乳生产和马奶酒发酵策略提供了有价值的见解。
