Antimicrobial Activities of Propolis Nanoparticles in Combination with Ampicillin Sodium Against Methicillin-Resistant .

Combining antibiotics with propolis is an effective method to combat bacterial drug resistance. Nanoparticles are of interest in the antimicrobial field because of their higher drug stability, solubility, penetration power, and treatment efficacy. In this study, propolis nanoparticles (PNPs) were synthesized, and their antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities against methicillin-resistant (MRSA) in combination with ampicillin sodium (AS) were analyzed. The PNPs had an average particle diameter of 118.0 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.129, and a zeta potential of -28.2 mV. The fractional inhibitory concentration indices of PNPs and AS against tested MRSA strains highlighted this synergy, ranging between 0.375 and 0.5. Crystal violet staining showed that combined PNPs and AS significantly inhibited biofilm formation and reduced existing biofilm biomass. We then discovered that PNPs inhibited bacterial adhesion, extracellular polysaccharide synthesis, and , , and gene expression. These results indicated that PNPs exerted a synergistic antibacterial effect with AS by inhibiting , , and gene expressions to reduce the drug resistance of MRSA. Meanwhile, PNPs weakened bacterial adhesion and aggregation by suppressing gene expression, allowing antibiotics to penetrate the biofilm, and exhibiting significant synergistic anti-biofilm activity. In summary, PNPs are promising candidates for combating MRSA-related diseases.