Phenotypic and Molecular Detection of Biofilm Formation in Methicillin-Resistant Isolated from Different Clinical Sources in Erbil City.

BACKGROUND

is an important causative pathogen. The production of biofilms is an important factor and makes these bacteria resistant to antimicrobial therapy.

OBJECTIVES

the current study aimed to assess the prevalence of resistance to antibacterial agents and to evaluate the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of biofilm formation among strains.

METHODS

This study included 50 isolates of Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and Methicillin-Susceptible (MSSA). was identified by molecular and conventional methods, and antimicrobial resistance was tested with a disc diffusion method. The biofilm formation was performed through the Microtiter plate method. Strains were subjected to PCR to determine the presence of , , , , , and genes.

RESULTS

Of the 50 isolates, 32(64%) and 18(36%) were MRSA and MSSA, respectively. A large number of MRSA and MSSA isolates showed resistance to Penicillin and Azithromycin, and a lower number of MRSA and MSSA isolates showed resistance to Amikacin Gentamicin. None of the isolates was resistant to Vancomycin. The MRSA strains had significantly higher resistance against antibiotics than MSSA strains (P = 0.0154). All isolates (MRSA and MSSA) were able to produce biofilm with levels ranging from strong (31.25 %), (16.6%) to moderate (53.12%), (50%) to weak (15.6%), (33.3%) respectively. The MRSA strains had a significantly higher biofilm formation ability than the MSSA strains (P = 0.0079). The biofilm-encoding genes were detected among isolates with different frequencies. The majority of isolates, 42 (84%), were positive for the icaA. The prevalence rates of the icaB, icaC and icaD genes were found to be 37 (74%), 40 (80%) and 41 (82%), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of biofilm encoding genes associated with multidrug resistance in strains is high. Therefore, identifying epidemiology, molecular characteristics, and biofilm management of infection would be helpful.