Mission-Critical Services in 4G/5G and Beyond: Standardization, Key Challenges, and Future Perspectives.

Mission-critical services (MCX) comprise a standardized suite of capabilities including Mission-Critical Push-to-Talk (MCPTT), MCVideo, and MCData, designed to meet stringent requirements for availability, reliability, latency, security, and Quality of Service (QoS). These services are essential for public safety, emergency response, and other critical infrastructure domains, where communication performance directly affects operational effectiveness. Integration into 4G and 5G mobile networks, supported by targeted standardization efforts, has extended broadband capabilities to mission-critical environments. 5G networks provide the technical foundations for MCX through ultra-low latency (below 1 ms), high availability (99.999%), broadband throughput over 100 Mbps per user, deterministic QoS via network slicing, massive device connectivity (over one million devices per square kilometer), and seamless Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) integration. Technical enablers such as Proximity Services (ProSe), network slicing, and Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) are fundamental to delivering these capabilities. This paper reviews MCX architectures, service frameworks, and protocols, relating MCPTT, MCData, and MCVideo to the key performance requirements defined in ITU-T M.2377-2. It also examines the frozen features of 3GPP Release 19, including enhancements to MC services, NTN integration, Reduced Capability device support, sub-meter positioning, extended network slicing for Public Protection and Disaster Relief (PPDR), and strengthened security mechanisms. Finally, the study addresses challenges such as standard maturity, interoperability, and deterministic QoS, identifying research priorities toward 6G readiness. By consolidating advances from standards bodies, research initiatives, and deployments, this work serves as a technical reference for scalable, secure, and standards-compliant MCX solutions in current and future networks.