Phytochemical Profile, Vasodilatory and Biphasic Effects on Intestinal Motility, and Toxicological Evaluation of the Methanol and Dichloromethane Extracts from the Aerial Parts of Used in Traditional Mexican Medicine.

Cardiovascular diseases, particularly hypertension, and gastrointestinal disorders represent major public health concerns in Mexico. Although a range of pharmacological treatments exists, their use is associated with adverse effects, highlighting the need for safer therapeutic alternatives. Species of the genus are widely employed in Mexican traditional medicine (MTM) for their purgative, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and sedative properties. Particularly, is traditionally used as a diuretic and purgative; its leaves and stems are applied topically for their anti-inflammatory and soothing effects. This study aimed to determine their phytochemical composition and to evaluate the associated vasodilatory activity, modulatory effects on intestinal smooth-muscle motility, and toxicological effects of the methanolic (ME-Ip) and dichloromethane (DE-Ip) extracts obtained from the aerial parts of . The phytochemical composition of the ME-Ip and DE-Ip extracts of was assessed using UPLC-QTOF-MS and GC-MS, respectively. For both extracts, the vasodilatory activity and effects on intestinal smooth muscle were investigated using ex vivo models incorporating isolated rat aorta and ileum, respectively, whereas acute toxicity was evaluated in vivo. Phytochemical analysis revealed, for the first time, the presence of two glycosylated flavonoids within the genus; likewise, constituents with potential anti-inflammatory activity were detected. The identified compounds in extracts may contribute to the vasodilatory, biphasic, and purgative effects observed in this species. The EC values for the vasodilatory effects of the methanolic (ME-Ip) and dichloromethane (DE-Ip) extracts were 0.80 and 0.72 mg/mL, respectively. In the initial phase of the experiments on isolated ileal tissues, both extracts induced a spasmodic (contractile) effect on basal motility, with ME-Ip exhibiting higher potency (EC = 27.11 μg/mL) compared to DE-Ip (EC = 1765 μg/mL). In contrast, during the final phase of the experiments, both extracts demonstrated a spasmolytic effect, with EC values of 0.43 mg/mL for ME-Ip and 0.34 mg/mL for DE-Ip. In addition, both extracts exhibited low levels of acute toxicity. The phytochemical profile and the vasodilatory and biphasic effects of the extracts explain, in part, the use of in MTM. The absence of acute toxic effects constitutes a preliminary step in the toxicological safety assessment of extracts and demonstrates their potential for the development of phytopharmaceutic agents as adjuvants for the treatment of cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders.