Monitoring stormwater road runoff quality with sensors: assessing seasonal effects on sensor performance.

Today, the quality of stormwater runoff can be monitored with sensors. However, the effects of complex analytical conditions of stormwater on their performance have not yet been formally investigated. This study, therefore, focuses on evaluating the performance of turbidity, pH, and electrical conductivity sensors. The evaluation is based on a cross-examination using continuous field data and discrete data from laboratory analysis of 153 samples. The study site is situated in northern Sweden. Its geography enables and defines a specific focus of this study - investigating factors inherent in cold climates and urban environments that might influence monitoring strategies. Results indicate that field pH readings typically deviated less than 10% from laboratory values, while conductivity field and laboratory measurements showed a strong linear correlation ( = 0.99); their relative deviations varied within a range. In contrast, turbidity measurements faced significant challenges during the cold season, likely due to smaller particle sizes during studded tire use and winter road maintenance practices, showing no alignment with laboratory measurements ( = 0.12). The findings reveal, for the first time, that nephelometric ISO 7027-compliant turbidity instruments (90° near-IR scattering) may face limitations under cold-climate conditions. Seasonal changes in temperature, salinity, and flow did not affect turbidity accuracy.