Razguliaev Nikita, Flanagan Kelsey, Muthanna Tone, Viklander Maria
Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå 971 87, Sweden E-mail:
Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå 971 87, Sweden.
Water Sci Technol. 2025 Aug;92(4):652-668. doi: 10.2166/wst.2025.125. Epub 2025 Aug 20.
Today, the quality of stormwater runoff can be monitored with sensors. However, the effects of complex analytical conditions of stormwater on their performance have not yet been formally investigated. This study, therefore, focuses on evaluating the performance of turbidity, pH, and electrical conductivity sensors. The evaluation is based on a cross-examination using continuous field data and discrete data from laboratory analysis of 153 samples. The study site is situated in northern Sweden. Its geography enables and defines a specific focus of this study - investigating factors inherent in cold climates and urban environments that might influence monitoring strategies. Results indicate that field pH readings typically deviated less than 10% from laboratory values, while conductivity field and laboratory measurements showed a strong linear correlation ( = 0.99); their relative deviations varied within a range. In contrast, turbidity measurements faced significant challenges during the cold season, likely due to smaller particle sizes during studded tire use and winter road maintenance practices, showing no alignment with laboratory measurements ( = 0.12). The findings reveal, for the first time, that nephelometric ISO 7027-compliant turbidity instruments (90° near-IR scattering) may face limitations under cold-climate conditions. Seasonal changes in temperature, salinity, and flow did not affect turbidity accuracy.
如今，雨水径流的水质可以通过传感器进行监测。然而，雨水复杂的分析条件对其性能的影响尚未得到正式研究。因此，本研究着重评估浊度、pH值和电导率传感器的性能。该评估基于使用连续现场数据和来自153个样本实验室分析的离散数据进行的交叉检验。研究地点位于瑞典北部。其地理位置促成并确定了本研究的一个特定重点——调查寒冷气候和城市环境中可能影响监测策略的固有因素。结果表明，现场pH值读数通常与实验室值的偏差小于10%，而电导率的现场测量值与实验室测量值显示出很强的线性相关性（=0.99）；它们的相对偏差在一定范围内变化。相比之下，浊度测量在寒冷季节面临重大挑战，可能是由于使用防滑轮胎和冬季道路养护措施期间颗粒尺寸较小，与实验室测量值不一致（=0.12）。研究结果首次揭示，符合ISO 7027比浊法的浊度仪器（90°近红外散射）在寒冷气候条件下可能面临局限性。温度、盐度和流量的季节性变化并未影响浊度测量的准确性。
