Kim Ye-Ji, Woo Chae Young, Kim Yeonggwon, Kim Sung Min, Kim Na-Yeong, Lee Hyung Woo, Oh Jin-Woo
Humanoid Olfactory Display Innovation Research Center, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
Research Center of Energy Convergence Technology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
Nano Converg. 2025 Aug 29;12(1):42. doi: 10.1186/s40580-025-00508-y.
Olfactory display systems, designed to replicate the human sense of smell, rely on gas sensors that are fast, selective, and reliable. From this perspective, this review highlights recent progress in sensing materials and integration strategies that enable room-temperature operation, rapid response and recovery, and closed-loop control for realistic odor delivery. Advances are classified into three categories: organic, inorganic, and hybrid systems. Organic materials, including conductive polymers and biomolecules, offer tunable selectivity and lightweight flexibility. Inorganic semiconductors, especially metal oxides, provide high sensitivity and durability, though they typically require elevated temperatures. Hybrid architectures, exemplified by M13 bacteriophage–carbon nanotube composites, merge these strengths to achieve superior performance under ambient conditions. Particular emphasis is placed on sensors for ethylene, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, acetone, and nitrogen dioxide—gases critical to food preservation, environmental monitoring, and healthcare. Finally, we discuss persistent challenges, such as selectivity under complex conditions, device miniaturization, and closed-loop integration, and propose strategic research directions toward immersive, real-time olfactory display technologies. [Image: see text]
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40580-025-00508-y.
旨在复制人类嗅觉的嗅觉显示系统依赖于快速、选择性好且可靠的气体传感器。从这个角度来看，本综述重点介绍了传感材料和集成策略方面的最新进展，这些进展实现了室温操作、快速响应和恢复以及用于逼真气味传递的闭环控制。进展分为三类：有机、无机和混合系统。有机材料，包括导电聚合物和生物分子，具有可调的选择性和轻质灵活性。无机半导体，特别是金属氧化物，具有高灵敏度和耐久性，尽管它们通常需要高温。以M13噬菌体 - 碳纳米管复合材料为代表的混合结构将这些优势结合起来，在环境条件下实现卓越性能。特别强调了用于乙烯、硫化氢、氢气、丙酮和二氧化氮的传感器——这些气体对食品保鲜、环境监测和医疗保健至关重要。最后，我们讨论了持续存在的挑战，如复杂条件下的选择性、设备小型化和闭环集成，并提出了朝着沉浸式实时嗅觉显示技术的战略研究方向。[图像：见正文]
在线版本包含可在10.1186/s40580-025-00508-y获取的补充材料。
