Thompson LaDora V
Department of Physical Therapy, Sargent College of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2025;1478:365-405. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-88361-3_15.
This chapter outlines the definition of sarcopenia and the challenges faced by the scientific and clinical community in obtaining a universally accepted definition. Because sarcopenia is a risk factor for a multitude of adverse health outcomes, the chapter discusses the strengths and weaknesses of recent diagnostic criteria (sarcopenia algorithms) to identify older people with sarcopenia outlined by experts across the world. In particular, the assessment tools and their cut-off points (reference values) for muscle mass, strength, and physical performance are highlighted. Attention is also given to the available screening assessment tools, which provide opportunities to identify older people at risk for sarcopenia in large communities or settings. Identifying effective interventions to combat sarcopenia is paramount; thus, the chapter highlights the available published evidence where the participants of the study were identified as sarcopenic based on the established sarcopenia algorithms. The benefits of resistance training, endurance training, power training, high-intensity interval training, multicomponent training, multidomain programs, blood flow restriction, whole-body vibration, Tai Chi, YiJinJing, and Baduanjin in people diagnosed with sarcopenia are reviewed. The most promising nutritional interventions and drug therapies in older people with sarcopenia are also discussed. Lastly, the chapter summarizes the importance of physical activity.
本章概述了肌肉减少症的定义以及科学界和临床界在获得普遍接受的定义方面所面临的挑战。由于肌肉减少症是多种不良健康结局的危险因素，本章讨论了近期诊断标准（肌肉减少症算法）的优缺点，这些标准用于识别世界各地专家所界定的患有肌肉减少症的老年人。特别强调了肌肉质量、力量和身体机能的评估工具及其临界点（参考值）。还关注了可用的筛查评估工具，这些工具为在大型社区或环境中识别有肌肉减少症风险的老年人提供了机会。确定对抗肌肉减少症的有效干预措施至关重要；因此，本章重点介绍了现有已发表的证据，其中研究参与者是根据既定的肌肉减少症算法被确定为患有肌肉减少症的。回顾了抗阻训练、耐力训练、力量训练、高强度间歇训练、多组分训练、多领域计划、血流限制、全身振动、太极拳、易筋经和八段锦对被诊断患有肌肉减少症的人的益处。还讨论了对患有肌肉减少症的老年人最有前景的营养干预措施和药物疗法。最后，本章总结了身体活动的重要性。
