Pence Brandt D
College of Health Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2025;1478:545-571. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-88361-3_23.
The mammalian immune system consists of anatomical barriers, nonspecific innate immune responses, and highly specific adaptive immune responses that work in concert to protect the host from pathogens and to repair cellular damage. This chapter focuses on the basics of immunology, before turning to aspects of the immune system specifically relevant to skeletal muscle. In skeletal muscle, immune cells are important regulators of damage clearance, satellite cell proliferation and differentiation, and hypertrophy and are therefore integral to muscle adaptation to both pathology and exercise. Skeletal muscle is also a routine route of vaccination, due to its high degree of vascularization, relative lack of adipose tissue, and proximity to draining lymph nodes. Finally, skeletal muscle is an important producer of proteins and metabolites which are released into the extracellular space to modulate immune and other physiological functions both in the local muscle and in distant tissues. Importantly, this is thought to be a mechanism underlying the immune modulatory properties of physical exercise. However, despite our vast knowledge both of immunity and skeletal muscle physiology, comparatively little is known about the relationship between these two important systems.
哺乳动物免疫系统由解剖屏障、非特异性先天免疫反应和高度特异性的适应性免疫反应组成，这些反应协同作用以保护宿主免受病原体侵害并修复细胞损伤。本章重点介绍免疫学基础知识，之后再探讨与骨骼肌特别相关的免疫系统方面。在骨骼肌中，免疫细胞是损伤清除、卫星细胞增殖与分化以及肥大的重要调节因子，因此对于肌肉适应病理状态和运动至关重要。由于骨骼肌血管化程度高、相对缺乏脂肪组织且靠近引流淋巴结，它也是疫苗接种的常规途径。最后，骨骼肌是蛋白质和代谢产物的重要产生部位，这些物质释放到细胞外空间以调节局部肌肉和远处组织的免疫及其他生理功能。重要的是，这被认为是体育锻炼免疫调节特性的潜在机制。然而，尽管我们对免疫和骨骼肌生理学有广泛了解，但对于这两个重要系统之间的关系却知之甚少。
