Zhao Pan, Qiu Jingwen, Liang Hongjia, Jiang Yijing, Huang Fangdi, Wang Nannan, Zhu Yanqiu
State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-Cycle Safety for Composite Structures, MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, U.K.
ACS Omega. 2025 Aug 13;10(33):36804-36823. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.5c03602. eCollection 2025 Aug 26.
High-purity metals, defined as metals with impurity levels minimized to achieve purity, typically ≥99.999% (5N grade), constitute critical raw materials and serve as essential supporting components for modern high-technology industries. Common examples include high-purity indium, gallium, germanium, magnesium, lithium, aluminum, tin, tellurium, and titanium. These materials find extensive applications in semiconductor manufacturing, aerospace engineering, energy technologies, and healthcare sectors. The exceptionally low impurity content confers superior properties upon high-purity metals compared to those of their industrial-grade counterparts. Consequently, products fabricated from these materials exhibit enhanced performance, stability, and controllability, thereby meeting the stringent requirements of downstream high-precision applications. This review comprehensively examines established techniques for the preparation and purification of high-purity metals, encompassing extraction, ion exchange, electrolysis, zone melting, distillation, and single-crystal growth, and summarizes the state-of-the-art advancements in these methodologies.
高纯度金属，定义为杂质水平降至最低以实现纯度的金属，通常≥99.999%（5N级），是关键原材料，也是现代高科技产业的重要支撑部件。常见例子包括高纯度铟、镓、锗、镁、锂、铝、锡、碲和钛。这些材料在半导体制造、航空航天工程、能源技术和医疗保健领域有广泛应用。与工业级同类产品相比，极低的杂质含量赋予了高纯度金属卓越的性能。因此，由这些材料制成的产品表现出更高的性能、稳定性和可控性，从而满足下游高精度应用的严格要求。本综述全面研究了高纯度金属制备和提纯的既定技术，包括萃取、离子交换、电解、区域熔炼、蒸馏和单晶生长，并总结了这些方法的最新进展。
