Mohd Nor Nurul Hafizah, Jaffar Farah Hanan Fathihah, Kashim Mohd Izhar Ariff Mohd, Mokhtar Mohd Helmy
Institute of Islam Hadhari, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Front Pharmacol. 2025 Aug 14;16:1646591. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1646591. eCollection 2025.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease that affects around 10.5% of adults worldwide. It leads to significant complications, including nephropathy, retinopathy and cardiovascular disease. Conventional treatments for DM often involve the long-term use of pharmacological agents, which can be costly and are associated with various side effects. Due to these challenges, there is growing interest in complementary treatments, particularly those derived from botanical drugs, to explore their potential antidiabetic properties. (Lour.) Merr. (GP) has been scientifically studied and shown to possess antioxidant properties that lead to a significant reduction in blood glucose levels and an improvement in lipid profile. The aim of this review is therefore to provide a detailed overview of the current state of knowledge on the antidiabetic potential of GP based on four studies and 12 studies. GP extract in concentrations between 50 mg and 3,000 mg shows promising potential as an antidiabetic agent, with some studies suggesting comparable efficacy to metformin in the treatment of diabetes. In addition, phytochemical studies of GP have revealed a diverse phytochemical metabolite, with a predominance of polyphenolic metabolites, especially phenolic acids and flavonoids, extracted from various solvents. However, the evidence remains mixed, as other studies have presented varying results on the efficacy of GP in the treatment of diabetes. This could be due to the lack of standardisation of the extract preparation, insufficient information on the bioactive metabolite responsible for the observed effects and the lack of clinical studies. Therefore, more comprehensive studies including clinical trials are needed to clarify the discrepancies in the findings and provide a clearer effect of GP in alleviating DM. With these improvements, GP could complement standard DM treatments and offer patients a safer, more holistic approach.
糖尿病（DM）是一种慢性代谢性疾病，全球约10.5%的成年人受其影响。它会引发严重并发症，包括肾病、视网膜病变和心血管疾病。糖尿病的传统治疗通常需要长期使用药物，这些药物成本高昂且伴有各种副作用。由于这些挑战，人们对补充疗法，特别是源自植物药的疗法越来越感兴趣，以探索其潜在的抗糖尿病特性。（ Lour.） Merr.（GP）已进行科学研究，并显示具有抗氧化特性，可显著降低血糖水平并改善血脂状况。因此，本综述的目的是基于四项研究和十二项研究，详细概述目前关于GP抗糖尿病潜力的知识现状。浓度在50毫克至3000毫克之间的GP提取物显示出作为抗糖尿病药物的潜在前景，一些研究表明其在治疗糖尿病方面的疗效与二甲双胍相当。此外，对GP的植物化学研究揭示了多种植物化学代谢物，从各种溶剂中提取的多酚类代谢物占主导，尤其是酚酸和黄酮类化合物。然而，证据仍然不一，因为其他研究对GP治疗糖尿病的疗效给出了不同结果。这可能是由于提取物制备缺乏标准化、对导致观察到的效果的生物活性代谢物信息不足以及缺乏临床研究。因此，需要包括临床试验在内的更全面研究来澄清研究结果中的差异，并更清楚地显示GP在缓解糖尿病方面的效果。通过这些改进，GP可以补充标准的糖尿病治疗方法，为患者提供更安全、更全面的治疗方案。
