The Sociocultural Determinants of Cervical Cancer Outcomes in India: A Critical Review of Diagnostic Delays and Treatment Disparities.

Cervical cancer remains a major health concern in India, despite being preventable through human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and routine screening. This review examines the key barriers that prevent early detection and treatment, focusing on healthcare system challenges, sociocultural influences, and economic factors. The findings highlight that many women, especially those from rural and lower-income communities, do not have access to proper screening or vaccination due to a lack of awareness, financial difficulties, and inadequate healthcare facilities. Cultural stigma and misinformation about HPV vaccines further discourage preventive measures. The healthcare system itself faces limitations, including a shortage of trained medical professionals, insufficient screening programs, and delays in diagnosis. Many women are only diagnosed when the disease has already progressed, making treatment less effective. Regional differences also play a role, with some states having better access to care while others struggle with limited resources. To reduce the impact of cervical cancer in India, this review suggests increasing awareness through community-based education programs, integrating HPV vaccines into the national immunization plan, and improving access to screening facilities, especially in rural areas. Training healthcare workers to educate and encourage women to get screened and vaccinated can also lead to better outcomes. Mobile screening units and digital health initiatives can help further reach underserved populations. Future research should focus on evaluating the effectiveness of these interventions, understanding the reasons behind vaccine hesitancy, and exploring new ways to improve healthcare access for women. A coordinated approach involving the government, healthcare providers, and community organizations is necessary to ensure that all women, regardless of their background, have access to life-saving prevention and treatment options.